Hydrogeochemical fingerprints of a mixohaline wetland in the Mediterranean: Gulluk coastal wetland systems- GCWS (Mugla, Turkey)

The Gunk coastal wetland system (GCWS), which is located at the contact point of the Menderes Massif and Lycian Nappe, consists of both brackish karstic [Gulluk Lagoon wetland (GLW)] and saline [Bogazici-Tuzla (Bargylia) coastal wetland (BTW) ecosystems in western Turkey, and is under protection as a national wetland of importance. This area is important for its unique wetland features, aquaculture, tourism, agriculture, Bodrum airport, and Ulla port facilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the GLW and BTW, both hydrogeologically and hydrogeochemically, for the first time together. The mixohaline GCWS is recharged from precipitation, streams, and brackish karstic springs. The electrical conductivity (EC) values of Limni Lake and the Tuzla salt pan were measured as 15,330 and 41,000 mu S/cm, respectively. The EC value of the brackish karstic springs was similar to 17,310 mu S/cm. From the coast to inland, the mixing ratio increases to a maximum of 45% in Savrankoy Spring, which discharges from the contact point between Milas Formation and alluvium. The relationship between Na-Cl, SO4-HCO3, and Mg/Ca-Cl showed a weathering by ion exchange and/or seawater intrusion process. All of the groundwater samples comprised NaCl water. In parallel with these results, the diagrams of Gibbs et al. supported the same seawater intrusion phenomena. Brackish karst springs first roseand then fell below sea level with epirogenic movements during the geological period, and therefore, karstification progressed. The samples were oversaturated with calcite, dolomite, and quartz, whereas they were undersaturated with gypsum and halite. The Al, Cu, and Zn values of some of the water samples exceeded the tolerance limit of aquatic life standards. When the samples were evaluated in terms of irrigation water, brackish springs, and streams at Avsar and located near the aquaculture farm, Lake Limni and saltpan had a harmful effect on the plants due to their high Na concentration. These results suggested that the wetland was vulnerable because it was both in a sensitive karstic and a lagoon area. Hydrogeological protected zones should be determined to ensure the sustainability of groundwater resources and provide the economy of the country.

Keywords:

Wetlands, hydrogeochemistry, hydrogeology, Güllük, Mediterranean Turkey,

PDF

___

Alatas I, 1989, MILAS SELIMIYE TEKFU .
Allen G., 1981, TECHNICAL PAPERS MAR, V32, P29
Altinsacli S, 2015, INT J FISH AQUAT STU, V3, P357
Altinsacli S, 2015, INT J FISH AQUAT STU, V3, P374, DOI DOI 10.1515/OHS-2015-0020
Altinsacli S, 2013, GULLUK KORFEZI BAKTE
[Anonymous], 1997, TSE266 .
[Anonymous], 2005, TSE266 .
[Anonymous], 2014, TSE266 .
Arslan A, 2013, J ASIAN EARTH SCI, V64, P198, DOI 10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.12.016
ATALAY Z, 1980, Turkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bulteni, V23, P93
Aydin H, 2015, FRESEN ENVIRON BULL, V24, P235
Balkis N, 2013, GULLUK KORFEZI BAKTE .
Barut I, 2005, ISTANBUL U MUH FAK C, V18, P1
Barut I, 2001, YDABCAG588A .
Barut IF, 2015, INT J ENV GEOINFORM, V2, P25
Bayari CS, 2012, HYDROGEOL J, V20, P369, DOI 10.1007/s10040-011-0809-z
Bayari CS, 2011, HYDROGEOL J, V19, P399, DOI 10.1007/s10040-010-0677-y
Bayari CS, 2002, Q J ENG GEOL HYDROGE, V35, P381, DOI 10.1144/1470-9236/01034
Bayrak R, 2013, GULLUK DELTASI SULAK, P273
BEADLE LC, 1958, NATURE, V182, P27 .
Bozdag A, 2011, INT MULTI SCI GEOCO, P497
Caglayan MA, 1980, JEOLOJI MUHENDISLIGI, V10, P9
Camur MZ, 1997, WATER ENVIRON RES, V69, P1144, DOI 10.2175/106143097X125894
Dalman O, 2006, FOOD CHEM, V95, P157, DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.02.009
Darkot B, 1954, GUNEYBATI ANADOLUDA .
DAVRAZ A, 2019, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V191, DOI DOI 10.1007/2FS10661-019-7889-Y
Demirak A, 2003, THESIS .
Demirel Z, 2011, GAZI U J SCI, V24, P17 .
Dokuyucu A, 2019, THESIS .
Egemen O, 1995, DEBAG52 .
Egemen Ozdemir, 1999, Turkish Journal of Zoology, V23, P927
Ekmekci M, 1990, P ANT S FIELD SEM OC .
Ekmekci M, 2008, HIDR IZ TEKN SEM, P294 .
Elhatip H, 2003, ENVIRON GEOL, V43, P714, DOI 10.1007/s00254-002-0668-y
EMERY D, 1990, GEOLOGY, V18, P1178, DOI 10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1178:ASEAFL>2.3.CO;2
Eroskay SO, 1992, MUGLA GOKOVA ILE MIL .
Filiz S., 2003, ENVIRON GEOL, V43, P825, DOI DOI 10.1007/s00254-002-0697-6
Gemici U, 2016, ENVIRON EARTH SCI, V75, DOI 10.1007/s12665-016-5808-x
GIBBS RJ, 1970, SCIENCE, V170, P1088, DOI 10.1126/science.170.3962.1088
Gonenc IE, 2005, COASTAL LAGOONS: ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES AND MODELING FOR SUSTAINABLE USE AND DEVELOPMENT, P371
Gurer O.F., 2002, TURK J EARTH SCI, V11, P1
Hanilci N, 2019, MINERAL RESOURCES TU, V16, P681, DOI DOI 10.1007/978-3-030-02950-0_15
Haque SI, 2018, COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN, V49, P2782, DOI 10.1080/00103624.2018.1538376
Hatipoglu-Bagci Z, 2014, Q J ENG GEOL HYDROGE, V47, P89, DOI 10.1144/qjegh2013-074
Hayat K, 2020, ENVIRON POLLUT, V265, DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114876
Karakus H, 2017, WETLANDS, V37, P837, DOI 10.1007/s13157-017-0916-2
Kjerfve B, 1996, ESTUAR COAST SHELF S, V42, P701, DOI 10.1006/ecss.1996.0045
Kjerfve B., 1994, COASTAL LAGOON PROCE .
Koymenoglu A, 2013, THESIS .
Kurttas T, 1999, YERBILIMLERI, V21, P185
LEMMEN P, 1993, SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART, P1 .
Liu JT, 2019, ARAB J GEOSCI, V12, DOI 10.1007/s12517-019-4732-2
Mansour AYS, 2017, ENVIRON EARTH SCI, V76, DOI 10.1007/s12665-017-7124-5
Metcalf & Eddy Inc, 2000, 294C00990003800
Mirzavand M, 2020, INT J ENVIRON SCI TE, V17, P2463, DOI 10.1007/s13762-020-02647-7
Miththapala S, 2013, COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS B, V4
OKAN OO, 2019, ARAB J GEOSCI, V12, DOI DOI 10.1007/2FS12517-018-4209-8
Onhon BE, 1998, DEVLET ISLERI .
Ozdemir N, 2013, GULLUK KORFEZI BAKTE .
Ozer S, 2012, MENDERES MASIFI UST, V13, P18
Ozyurt NN, 2008, HYDROGEOL J, V16, P297, DOI 10.1007/s10040-007-0217-6
Parkhust DL, 1999, 994259 US GEOL SURV .
Perez-Ruzafa A, 2011, PHYS CHEM EARTH, V36, P160, DOI 10.1016/j.pce.2010.04.013
Piper AM, 1944, EOS T AM GEOPHYS UN, V25, P914, DOI 10.1029/tr025i006p00914
Plummer LN., 1988, US GEOL SURV WATER R, V88, P4153
RAMSAR, 2004, CONV WETL INT IMP ES .
Rimmele G, 2003, TECTONICS, V22, DOI 10.1029/2001TC901041
Samsunlu A, 2002, WATER SCI TECHNOL, V46, P145
Sener S, 2013, ENVIRON EARTH SCI, V70, P2527, DOI 10.1007/s12665-013-2296-0
Shiklomanov LA, 1993, WATER CRISIS GUIDE W
Somay M. A., 2008, ENVIRON GEOL, V55, P149, DOI DOI 10.1007/S00254-007-0972-7
Somay MA, 2017, MTA DERGISI, V154, P185, DOI [10.19076/mta.91146, DOI 10.19076/MTA.91146]
Somay MA, 2016, J AFR EARTH SCI, V123, P29, DOI 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.07.003
Somay MA, 2012, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V223, P15, DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0834-5
Somay MA, 2009, WATER AIR SOIL POLL, V201, P55, DOI 10.1007/s11270-008-9927-1
Soykan F, 1997, FONKSIYONLU KUCUK BI, V6, P317
Tezel R, 2015, THESIS .
Unal T, 2018, THESIS .
Varol S, 2018, ENVIRON SCI POLLUT R, V25, P16217, DOI 10.1007/s11356-018-1815-7
Yalcin MG, 2007, ENVIRON GEOL, V53, P399, DOI 10.1007/s00254-007-0655-4
Yetis AD, 2014, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V186, P7631, DOI 10.1007/s10661-014-3954-8
Yilmaz Y, 2000, GEOL SOC SPEC PUBL, V173, P353, DOI 10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.173.01.17
Yong Yan-Hua, 2016, Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, V40, P1267, DOI 10.17521/cjpe.2016.0146
Yuce G, 2005, ISOT ENVIRON HEALT S, V41, P391, DOI 10.1080/10256010500384747
Zaldivar J.-M., 2008, TRANSITIONAL WATERS, V1, P1, DOI [10.1285/i18252273v2n1p1, DOI 10.1285/I18252273V2N1P1]