A N-S-trending active extensional structure, the Şuhut (Afyon) graben:Commencement age of the extensional neotectonic period in the Isparta Angle,SW Turkey

Şuhut grabeni 8–11 km genişlikte, 24 km uzunlukta, K–G gidişli, aktif bir genişleme yapısııolup, Akşehir- Afyon ana grabeninin güney omuzunda ve dış Isparta Açısı’nın kuzey uç kesiminde yer alır. Şuhut grabeni Pliyosen öncesi bir kaya topluluğu üzerinde gelişmiştir. Bu kaya topluluğu başlıca Jura öncesi yaşlı metamorfik kayalar, Jura–Alt Kretase yaşlı platform karbonatları, geç Erken Miyosen–Orta Pliyosen yaşlı Afyon volkanik karmaşığı ve aynı yaşlı akarsu-göl ortam ürünü volkano-sedimanter bir istiften oluşur. Şuhut grabeninin doğu kenarı Afyon volkanitleri ve onun örtüsünü oluşturan göl-akarsu ürünü sedimanter bir istif ile şekillenir. İyi gelişmiş katmanlanma sunan örtü istifi KKD gidişli bir seri antiklinal ve senklinal ile deformasyona uğramıştır. Bu volkano-sedimanter istif BKB–DGD yönlü bir daralma fazıyla deformasyon geçirmiştir. Deformasyon geçirmiş volkano-sedimanter istif Pliyo–Kuvaterner yaşlı ve hemen hemen yatay konumlu modern graben dolgusu tarafından açılı uyumsuzlukla örtülür. Gerek grabenin en alt dolgusu içinde kayıd edilmiş, gerekse grabeni sınırlayan aktif kenar fayları üzerinde gelişmiş olan kayma vektörlerinin (kayma düzlemi ve kayma çizikleri) eskigerilim analizi, Şuhut grabeninin, DKD–BGB yönelimli bir genişlemenin denetiminde, en Geç Pliyosen’den beri gelişmekte olduğunu gösterir. Genişleme türündeki neotektonik dönem Isparta Açısı ve özellikle Şuhut bölgesinde, Geç Pliyosen’de başlamıştır. Şuhut grabeninin tüm kenarları bir seri verev atımlı normal fay seti ve tekil faylar tarafından belirlenmekte ve denetlenmektedir. Çok daha aktif ve büyüklüğü Mw=6.3 ve Mw=6.4 arasında değişen yıkıcı deprem üretme potansiyeline sahip ana faylar Ağzıkara, Güneytepe, Çobankaya ve Yarışlı faylarıdır. Bu durum, özellikle Ağzıkara ve Güneytepe ana faylarından kaynaklanan ve şiddetleri VII-X arasında değişen iki yıkıcı tarihsel depremle de (1766 ve 14 Kasım 1862 depremleri) kanıtlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, Yarışlı fayı, sismik boşluk özelliğini günümüzde de korumaktadır. Ayrıca, ince taneli güncel graben dolgusu, yüksek sıvılaşma kapasitesine sahiptir. Bu nedenle, anılan ana aktif faylar ve sıvılaşma kapasitesi yüksek olan ince taneli gevşek zemin (alüvyon) gerek deprem risk analizinde, gerekse Şuhut ilçesi gelişim planlamasında dikkate alınmalıdır.

K-G gidişli aktif bir genişletme yapısı, Şuhut (Afyon) grabeni:Isparta açısında genişlemeli yenitektonik dönemin başlama yaşı,GB Türkiye

The Şuhut graben is an 8–11-km-wide, 24-km-long, N–S-trending, active extensional structure located on the southern shoulder of the Akşehir-Afyon graben, near the apex of the outer Isparta Angle. The Şuhut graben developed on a pre-Upper Pliocene rock assemblage comprising pre-Jurassic metamorphic rocks, Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous platform carbonates, the Lower Miocene–Middle Pliocene Afyon stratovolcanic complex and a fluviolacustrine volcano-sedimentary sequence. The eastern margin of the Şuhut graben is dominated by the Afyon volcanics and their well-bedded fluviolacustrine sedimentary cover, which is folded into a series of NNE-trending anticlines and synclines. This volcanosedimentary sequence was deformed during a phase of WNW–ESE contraction, and is overlain with angular unconformity by nearly horizontal Plio–Quaternary graben infill. Palaeostress analyses of slip-plane data recorded in the lowest unit of the modern graben infill and on the marginal active faults indicate that the fiuhut graben has been developing as a result of ENE–WSW extension since the latest Pliocene. The extensional neotectonic period in the Isparta Angle started in the latest Pliocene. All margins of the Şuhut graben are determined and controlled by a series of oblique-slip normal fault sets and isolated fault segments. More active faults which are capable of creating destructive earthquakes with magnitudes of Mw=6.3 and Mw=6.5 include the Ağzıkara, Güneytepe, Çobankaya and the Yarışlı faults, as in the occurrence of two devastating historical earthquakes, those of 1766 and 1862, which were seismic events with intensity of VII and X, respectively. The Yarışlı fault, however, still remains seismically inactive. In addition, the finer-grained modern graben infill is thixotropic and so these active faults and the finer-grained alluvial sediments have to be taken into account in both earthquake risk analysis and city planning design in Şuhut County.

PDF

___

AKAL, C. 2003. Mineralogy and geochemistry of melilite leucitites, Balçıkhisar, Afyon, (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 12, 215–239.
AKAY, E. & UYSAL, Ş. 1985. Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Structural Geology of the Neogene Deposits in the West of Central Taurides (Antalya). Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey (MTA) Report no. 7799 [in Turkish, unpublished].
AKGÜN, F. & AKYOL, E. 1992. Yukarıkaşıkara ve Yarıkkaya (Isparta) kömürlerinin karşılaştırmalı palinostratigrafisi ve paleoekolojisi [Correlative palinostratigraphy and palaeoecology of the Yukarıkaşıkara and Yarıkkaya (Isparta) coals]. Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 4,129–139 [in Turkish with English abstract].
AKGÜN, F. & SÖZBİLİR, H. 2001. A Palinostratigraphic approach to the SW Anatolian molasse basin: Kale-Tavas and Denizli molasses. Geodinamica Acta 14, 71–93.
ALÇİÇEK, M.C., KAZANCI, N. & ÖZKUL, M. 2005. Multiple rifting pulses and sedimentation pattern in the Çameli Basin, southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Sedimentary Geology 173, 409–431.
ALDANMAZ, E. 2006. Mineral-chemical constraints on the Miocene calcalkaline and shoshonitic volcanic rocks of western Turkey: disequilibrium phenochryst assemblages as indicators of magma storage and mixing conditations. Turkish Journal Earth Sciences 15, 47–73.
ALTUNEL, E., BARKA, A.A. & AKYÜZ, S. 1999. Paleoseismology of Dinar fault, SW Turkey. Terra Nova 11, 297–302.
AMBRASEYS, N.N. 2001. Reassessment of earthquakes 1900–1999 in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Geophysical Journal International 145, 471–485.
AMBRASEYS, N.N. & FINKEL, C.F. 1987. Seismicity of Turkey and neighbouring regions, 1899-1915. Annales Geophysicae 87, 701–725.
AMBRASEYS, N.N. & TCHALENKO, J.S. 1972. Seismotectonic aspect of the Gediz, Turkey, earthquake of March 1972. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 30, 229–252.
ANGELIER, J., DUMONT, J.F., KARAMANDERESİ, H., POISSON, A., ŞİMŞEK, Ş. & UYSAL, Ş. 1981. Analyses of fault mechanisms and expansion of southwestern Anatolia since the late Miocene. Tectonophysics 75,T1–T9.
ARPAT, E. & BİNGÖL, E.1969. The rift system of western Turkey: thoughts on its development. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute (MTA) of Turkey Bulletin 73, 1–9.
AYDAR, E., BAYHAN, H. & ZİMİTOĞLU, O. 1996. Investigation of volcanological and petrological evolution of Afyon stratovolcano. Earth Sciences 18, 87–107.
BARKA, A.A., REILINGER, R.E., ŞAROĞLU, F. & ŞENGÖR, A.M.C. 1995. Isparta Angle: Its importance in the noetectonics of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. In: PİŞKİN, D., ERGÜN, M., SAVAŞÇIN, M.Y. & TARCAN, G. (eds), Proceedings of International Earth Science Colloquium on the Aegean Region 1, 3–18.
BAŞ, H. 1986. Domaniç-Tavşanlı-Kütahya-Gediz yöresinin Tersiyer jeolojisi [Tertiary geology of the Domaniç-Tavflanlı-Kütahya-Gediz area]. Chamber of Geological Engineers Bulletin 27, 11–18 [in Turkish with English abstract].
BECCALETTO, L. & STEINER, C. 2005. Evidence of two-stage extensional tectonics from the northern edge of the Edremit graben, NW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 18, 283–297.
BECKER-PLATEN, J., BENDA, L. & STEFFENS, P. 1977. Litho und biostratigraphiche Deutung radiometrischer Altersbestimungen aus dem Jungtertiar der Turkei. Geologischen Jahrbuch Reihe B 25, 139–167.
BESANG, C., ECKHARDT, F.C., HARRE, W., KREUZER, H. & MÜLLER, P. 1977. Radiometriche Altersbestimungen an Neogenen Eruptivgesteinen der Turkei. Geologischen Jahrbuch Reihe B 25, 3–36.
BLUMENTHAL, M.M. 1951. Batı Toroslar’da Alanya Ard Ülkesinde Jeolojik incelemeler [Geological Investigations in Alanya Hinterland, Western Taurides]. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute (MTA) of Turkey Publications no. 5.
BLUMENTHAL, M.M. 1963. Le Systeme structural de Taurus sud Anatolien: Livre a la mem. Prof. P. Fallot: Mem.hs-ser. Buletin de la Société Gélogique de France 11, 611–662.
BOLT, B.A. 1993. Earthquakes. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
BORAY, A., ŞAROĞLU, F. & EMRE, Ö. 1985. Isparta Büklümünün kuzey kesiminde D–B daralma için bazı veriler [Evidence for E–W shortening in the north of the Isparta Angle]. Chamber of Geological Engineers Bulletin 23, 9–20 [in Turkish with English abstract].
BOZKURT, E. 2000. Timing of extension on the Büyük Menderes Graben, western Turkey and its tectonic implications. In: BOZKURT, E., WINCHESTER, J.A. & PIPER, J.D.A. (eds), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 173, 385–403.
BOZKURT, E. 2001. Neotectonics of Turkey – a synthesis. Geodinamica Acta 14, 3–30
BOZKURT, E. 2002. Discussion on the extensional folding in the Alaşehir (Gediz) Graben, western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 159, 105–109.
BOZKURT, E. & SÖZBİLİR, H. 2004. Tectonic evolution of the Gediz graben: field evidence for an episodic, two-stage extension in western Turkey. Geological Magazine 141, 63–79.
BOZKURT, E. & ROJAY, B. 2005. Episodic, two-stage Neogene extension and short-term intervening compression in western Turkey: field evidence from the Kiraz basin and Bozda¤ horst. Geodinamica Acta 18, 299–316.
COHEN, H.A., DART, C.J., AKYÜZ, H.S. & BARKA, A.A. 1995. Syn-rift sedimentation and structural development of Gediz and Büyük Menderes graben, western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 152, 629–638.
ÇEVİKBAŞ, A., ERCAN, T. & METİN, Ş. 1988. Geology and regional distribution of Neogene volcanics between Afyon and Şuhut. Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 21, 479–499.
DEMİRTAŞLI, E., TURHAN, N., BİLGİN, A.Z. & SELİM, M. 1984. Gelogy of the Bolkar Mountains. In: TEKELİ, O & GÖNCÜOĞLU, M.C. (eds), Geology of the Tauırus Belt. International Symposium, 26–29 September 1983, Ankara–Turkey, Proceedings, 125–141.
DERCOURT, J., RICOU, R.C. & VRIELYNCK, B. 1993. Atlas Tethys Paleoenvironmental Maps. CCGM.
DEWEY, J.F. 1988. Extensional collapse of orogens. Tectonics 7, 1123–1139.
DUMONT, J.F. 1976. Isparta kıvrımı ve Antalya naplarının orijini: Torosların Üst Kretase tektojenezi ile oluşmuş yapısal düzeninin büyük bir dekroşman, transtorik arızayla ikiye ayrılması varsayımı [Origin of the Isparta Angle and Antalya Nappes: hypothesis that the Upper Cretaceous tectogenesis-induced stratigraphy of Taurides has been broken-up into two parts by a big decollement (trans-taurique scar)]. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute (MTA) of Turkey Bulletin 86, 56–67 [in Turkish with English abstract].
DUMONT, J.F. & KEREY, E. 1975. Eğirdir gölü güneydoğusunun temel jeolojik etüdü [Basic geological study of southeastern part of Lake Eğirdir]. Geological Society of Turkey Bulletin 18, 169–174 [in Turkish with English abstract].
DUMONT, J.F., UYSAL, Ş., ŞİMŞEK, Ş., KARAMANDERESİ, İ.H. & LETOUZCY, F. 1979. Güneybatı Anadolu’daki grabenlerin oluşumu [Graben formation in Southwest Anatolia]. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute (MTA) of Turkey Bulletin 92, 7–17.
ERCAN, T., DİNÇEL, A., METİN, S., TÜRKECAN, A. & GÜNAY, E. 1978. Uşak yöresindeki Neojen havzaların jeolojisi [Geology of Nogene basins in Uşak area]. Geological Society of Turkey Bulletin 21, 97–106 [in Turkish with English abstract].
ERCAN, T., SATIR, M., KREUZER, H., TÜRKECAN, A., GÜNAY, E., ÇEVİKBAŞ, A., ATEŞ, M., & CAN, B. 1985. Batı Anadolu’daki Senozoyik volkaniklere ait yeni kimyasal, izotopik ve radyometrik verilerin yorumu [Interpretation of new chemical, isotopic and radiometric data of the Cenozoic volcanics in west Anatolia]. Geological Society of Turkey Bulletin 28, 121–136 [in Turkish with English abstract].
ERGİN, K., GÜÇLÜ, U. & UZ, Z. 1967. Türkiye ve Civarının Deprem Kataloğu (Milattan Sonra 11. Yıldan 1964 Sonuna Kadar) [An Earthquake Catalog for Turkey and Its Environs (11 BC to the end of 1964)]. İstanbul Technical University, Faculty of Mines, Department of Geophysical Engineering Publication [in Turkish].
ERKÜL, F., HELVACI, C. & SÖZBİLİR, H. 2005. Stratigraphy and geochronology of the Early Miocene volcanic units in the Bigadic borate basin, western Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 14, 227–253.
EYİDOĞAN, H. & JACKSON, J. 1985. A seismological study of normal faulting in Demirci, Alaşehir and Gediz earthquakes of 1969–70 in western Turkey: implication for the nature and geometry of deformation in the continental crust. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 81, 569–607.
FLECKER, R., POISSON, A. & ROBERTSON, A.H.F. 2005. Facies and palaeogeographic evidence for the Miocene evolution of the Isparta Angle in its regional eastern Mediterranean context. Sedimentary Geology 173, 277–314.
GLOVER, C.P. & ROBERTSON, A.H.F. 1998a. Neotectonic intersection of the Aegean and Cyprus tectonic arcs: extensional and strike-slip faulting in the Isparta Angle, SW Turkey. Tectonophysics 298, 103–132.
GLOVER, C.P. & ROBERTSON, A.H.F. 1998b. Role of regional extension and uplift in the Plio–Pleistocene evolution of the Aksu basin, SW Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 155, 365–387.
GUTNIC, M., MONOD, O., POISSON, A. & DUMONT, J.D. 1979. Géologie des Taurides occidentals (Turquie). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 58 (137), 112 p.
GÜRER, Ö.F., BOZCU, M., YILMAZ, K. & YILMAZ, Y. 2001. Neogene basin development around Söke-Kuşadası (western Anatolia) and its bearing on tectonic development of the Aegean region. Geodinamica Acta 14, 57–69.
HETZEL, R., RING, U., AKAL, C. & TROESCH, M. 1995. Miocene NNE-directed extensional unroofing in the Menderes Massif, southwestern Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 152, 639–654.
JAFFEY, N. & ROBERTSON, A.H.F. 2005. Non-marine sedimentation associated with Oligocene–Recent exhumation and uplift of the Central Taurus Mountains, S Turkey. Sedimentary Geology 173, 53–89.
KALAFAT, D. 1998. Anadolu’nun tektonik yapılarının deprem mekanizması açısından irdelenmesi [Tectonic structures of Anatolia based on earthquakes mechanism]. Earthquake Research Bulletin 77, 1–217 [in Turkish with English abstract].
KARABIYIKOĞLU, M., TUZCU, S., ÇİNER, A., DEYNOUX, M., ÖRÇEN, S. & HAKYEMEZ, A. 2005. Facies and environmental setting of the Miocene coral reefs in the late-orogenic fill of the Antalya basin, western Taurides, Turkey: implications for tectonic control and sea-level changes. Sedimentary Geology 173, 319–345.
KARAMAN, E. 1986. Burdur dolayının genel stratigrafisi [General stratigraphy of Burdur area]. Bulletin of Isparta Engineering Faculty 2, 23–36 [in Turkish with English abstract].
KAYA, O. 1972. Tavflanlı yöresi ofiyolit sorununun ana çizgileri [Main lines of the ophiolite problem in Tavflanlı area]. Geological Society of Turkey Bulletin XV, 26–108 [in Turkish, with English absract].
KAYA, O., ÜNAY, E., SARAÇ, G., EICHHORN, S., HASSENRÜCK, S., KNAPPE, A., PEKDEĞER, A. & MAYDA, S. 2004. Halitpaşa transpressive zone: implications for an Early Pliocene compressional phase in central western Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13, 1–13.
KELLER, E.A. & PINTER, N. 1996. Active Tectonics. Prentice Hall Inc.
KELLING, G., ROBERTSON, A.H.F. & BUCHEM, F.V. 2005. Cenozoic sedimentary basins of southern Turkey: an introduction. Sedimentary Geology 173, 1–13.
KELLER, J. 1974. Quaternary maar volcanism near Karapınar in Central Anatolia. Bulletin of Volcanology 38, 378–396.
KELLER, J. 1983. Potassic lavas in the orogenic volcanism of the Mediterranean area. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 18, 321–335.
KELLER, J. & VILLARI, L. 1972. Rhyolitic ignimbrites in the region of Afyon (Central Anatolia). Bulletin of Volcanology 36, 342–358.
KISSEL, C. & POISSON, A. 1987. Etude Paléomagnétique des formations Cénozoiques des Beyda¤ları (Tauride occidentals). Comptes Rendue de I’Academie des Seciences de Paris 304, 343–348.
KISSEL, C., AVERBUCH, O., FRIZON DE LAMOTTE, D., MONOD, O. & ALLERTON, S. 1993. First paleomagnetic evidence for a post-Eocene clockwise rotation of the Western Taurides thrust belt east of Isparta reentrant (southwestern Turkey). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 117, 1–14.
KOCAEFE, S. 1982. Actual tectonics of the western Anatolia. Bulletin of Institute of Earth Sciences of Hacettepe University 9, 149–162.
KOÇYİĞİT, A. 1981. Isparta Büklümünde (Batı Toroslar) Toros karbonat platformunun evrimi [Evolution of the Tauride carbonate platform in the Isparta Angle (Western Turides)]. Geological Society of Turkey Bulletin 24, 15–23 [in Turkish with English abstract].
KOÇYİĞİT, A.1983. Hoyran gölü (Isparta Büklümü) dolayının tektoniği [Tectonics of Lake Hoyran (Isparta Angle) area]. Geological Society of Turkey Bulletin 26,1–10 [in Turkish with English abstract].
KOÇYİĞİT, A.1984a. Güneybatı Türkiye ve yakın dolayında levha içi yeni tektonik gelişim [A new intracontinental tectonic regime in southwest Turkey and its close vicinity]. Geological Society of Turkey Bulletin 27, 1–16 [in Turkish with English abstract].
KOÇYİĞİT, A.1984b. Tectono-stratigraphic characteristics of Hoyran Lake region (Isparta Bend). In: TEKELİ, O & GÖNCÜOĞLU, C. (eds), Geology of the Taurus Belt. International Symposium, 26–29 September 1983, Ankara-Turkey, Proceeding, 53–67.
KOÇYİĞİT, A. 1996. Lakes region graben-horst system, SW Turkey: Differential stretching and commencement age of the extensional tectonic regime. National Marine Geological and Geophysical Programme-Workshop,‹stanbul, Proceedings, 99–103.
KOÇYİĞİT, A. 2000. Güneybatı Türkiye’nin depremselliği [Seismicity of Southwest Turkey]. Symposium on the Seismicity of Western Turkey (BADSEM) 2000, Abstracts and Proceeding, 30–38 [in Turkish, with English abstract].
KOÇYİĞİT, A. 2005. Denzili Graben-Horst System and the eastern limit of the West Anatolian continental extension: basin fill, structure, deformational mode, throw amount and episodic evolutionary history, SW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 18, 167–208.
KOÇYİĞİT, A., KAYMAKÇI, N., ROJAY, B., ÖZCAN, E., DİRİK, K. & ÖZÇELİK, Y. 1991. İnegöl-Bilecik-Bozöyük Arasında Kalan Alanın Jeolojik Etüdü [Geological Investigation of the Area Between İnegöl–Bilecik and Bozöyük]. ODTÜ-TPAO Joint Project. Project no. 90-03-09-01-05 [in Turkish, unpublished].
KOÇYİĞİT, A., AKYOL, E., BOZKURT, E. & BEYHAN, A. 1997. Antalya Körfezi Karasal Çöküntüsünün Neotektonik Özellikleri, Depremselliği ve Daha Önceki Denizaltı Çalışmalarıyla Karşılaştırılması [Neotectonic and Seismic Characteristics of the Onshore Section of the Antalya Bay, and its Correlation with Previous Works].
TUBİTAK–YDABÇAG Project no. 437/G [in Turkish with English abstract, unpublished].
KOÇYİĞİT, A., CİHAN, M. & ÖZACAR, A. 2001. Seismicity of Dombayova and Sandıklı (Afyon) Grabens and Kinematic Analysis of Their Marginbounding Faults. TÜBİTAK Project Report no. 199Y007 [unpublished].
KOÇYİĞİT, A. & ÖZACAR, A. 2003. Extensional neotectonic regime through the NE edge of the outer Isparta Angle, SW Turkey: New field and seismic data. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 12, 67–90.
KOÇYİĞİT, A., ÖZACAR, A. & CİHAN, M. 2000b. Batı Anadolu horst-graben sisteminin doğu uzantısı ve Isparta Açısı ile ilişkisi nedir? ‘Fetiye- Burdur Zonu’ olarak bilinen yapının tektonik niteliği [What is the eastern continuation of the west Anatolian horst-graben system and its relationship with Isparta Angle? Tectonic nature of the socalled ‘Fethiye-Burdur Zone’]. Fourth Annual Meeting of Active Tectonic Research Group (ATAG), 16–17 Nowember 2000, Eskişehir, Abstracts, 4–5 [in Turkish].
KOÇYİĞİT, A., ÜNAY, E. & SARAÇ, G. 2000a. Episodic graben formation and extensional neotectonic regime in west Central Anatolia and the Isparta Angle: a key study in the Akflehir-Afyon graben, Turkey. In: BOZKURT, E., WINCHESTER, J.A. & PIPER, J.D.A. (eds), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 173, 405–421.
KOÇYİĞİT, A., YUSUFOĞLU, H. & BOZKURT, E. 1999. Evidence from the Gediz graben for episodic two-stage extension in western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 605–616.
KOERİ 2006. Records of Earthquakes in Period of 1900-2006 in Turkey. Kandilli Observatory Laboratory and Earthquake Research Institute, İstanbul, Turkey.
LAMOTTE, D.F., POISSIN, A., AUBOURG, C. & TEMİZ, H. 1995. Chevauchements post-tortoniens vers I’ouest puis vers le sud au coeur de I’angle d’Isparta (Taurus, Turquie). Conséquences géodynamiques [Post-Tortonian westward and southward thrusting in the core of the Isparta re-entrant (Taurus, Turkey): Geodynamic implications]. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 166, 59–67.
MCKENZIE, D.P. 1972. Active tectonics of the Medirerranean Region. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 30, 109–185.
MCKENZIE, D.P. 1978. Active tectonics of the Alpine-Himalayan belt: the Aegean and surrounding regions. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 55, 217–254.
NEMEC, W., KAZANCI, N. & MITCHELL, J.G. 1998. Pleistocene explosions and pyroclastic currents in west-central Anatolia. Boreas 27, 311–332.
ÖCAL, N. 1968. Seismicity and Earthquake Map of Turkey: An Earthquake Catalog From 1950 to 1960. Kandilli Rasathanesi Publications no. 7,İstanbul.
OKAY, A. 1984. Kuzeybatı Anadolu’da yer alan metamorfik kuşaklar [Metamorphic belts in northwestern Anatolia]. İhsan Ketin Symposium, 20–21 February 1984, Ankara, Proceedings, 83–92.
OKAY, A. 1989. Denizli’nin güneyinde Menderes Masifi ve Likya naplarının jeolojisi [Geology of Menderes Massif and Lycian Nappes to the south of Denizli]. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute (MTA) of Turkey Bulletin 109, 45–58 [in Turkish, with English abstract].
ÖZALAYBEY, S., ERGİN, M., BİÇMEN, F., TAPIRDAMAZ, C., YÖRÜK, A., TARANCIOĞLU, A., SAATÇILAR, A. & ERGİNTAV, S. 2000. Denizli Bölgesindeki Mikrodeprem Etkinliğinin Araştırılması [Survey of Microearthquakes Activity in Denizli Region]. TÜBİTAK, Marmara Research Center, Earth Science Research Institute, Project no. 5007102 [in Turkish with English abstract, unpublished].
ÖZGÜL, N. 1976. Torosların bazı temel jeoloji özellikleri [Some basic geological characteristics of Taurides]. Geological Society of Turkey Bulletin 19,65–78 [in Turkish with English abstract].
ÖZTÜRK, A. 1982. Tectonics of Dinar-Sandıklı-Işıklı region. Communications of Faculty of Science, University of Ankara 25, 1–58.
PATON, S. 1992. Active normal faulting, drainage patterns and sedimentation in southwestern Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 149, 1031–1044.
PINAR, N. & LAHN, E. 1952. Türkiye Depremleri İzahlı Kataloğu [Explanatory Catalog for Turkish Earthquakes]. Bayındırlık Bakanlığı, Yapı ve İmar İşleri Reisliği Publications no. 36, Ankara.
PIPER, J.D.A., GÜRSOY, H., TATAR, O., İŞSEVEN, T. & KOÇYİĞİT, A. 2002. Paleomagnetic evidence for the Gondwanic origin of the Taurides and rotation of the Isparta Angle, southern Turkey. Geological Journal 37, 317–336.
POISSON, A. 1977. Recherches géologiques dans les Taurides Occidentales (Turquie). These d’etat; Univ. de Paris-Sud, Orsay.
POISSON, A., WERNLI, R., SAGULAR, E.K. & TEMİZ, H. 2003. New data concerning the age of the Aksu Thrust in the south of the Aksu valley, Isparta Angle (SW Turkey): consequences for the Antalya Basin and the Eastern Mediterranean. Geological Journal 38, 311–327.
PRICE, S.P. & SCOTT, B 1991. Pliocene Burdur basin, SW Turkey: tectonics, seismicity and sedimentation. Journal of the Geological Society, London 148, 345–354.
PRICE, S.P. & SCOTT, B. 1994. Fault-block rotations at the edge of a zone of continental extension, southwest Turkey. Journal of Structural Geology 16, 381–392.
RICHARDSON-BUNBURY, J.M. 1996. The Kula volcanic field, western Turkey: the development of a Holocene alkali basalt province and the adjacent normal faulting graben. Geological Magazine 133, 275–283.
ROBERTSON, A.H.F. 2002. Overview of the genesis and emplacement of Mesozoic ophiolites in the Eastern Mediterranean Tethyan region. Lithos 65, 1–67.
ROBERTSON, A.H.F. & COMAS, M. 1998. Collision-related processes in the Mediterranean region – Introduction. Tectonophysics 298, 1–4.
SARAÇ, G. 2003. Türkiye Omurgalı Fosil Yatakları [Mammalian Fossils Localities in Turkey]. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute (MTA) of Turkey Report no. 10609 [in Turkish, unpublished].
ŞENEL, M., SELÇUK, H., BİLGİN, Z.R., ŞEN, A.M., KARAMAN, T., DİNÇER, M.A., DURUKAN, E., ARBAS, A., ÖRÇEN, S. & BİLGİ, C. 1989. Çameli (Denizli)–Yeşilova (Burdur) ve Elmalı (Antalya) Dolayının Jeolojisi [Geology of the Çameli (Denizli)–Yeşilova (Burdur) and Elmalı (Antalya) Area]. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute (MTA) of Turkey Report no. 9429 [in Turkish, unpublished].
ŞENGÖR, A.M.C.1987. Cross faults and differential stretching of hanging wall in the regions of low-angle normal faulting: examples from western Turkey. In: COWARD, M.P., DEWEY, J.F., HANCOCK, P.L. (eds), Continental Extension Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 28, 575–589.
ŞENGÖR, A.M.C. & YILMAZ, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75, 181–224.
SEYİTOĞLU, G. & SCOTT, B. 1992. The age of the Büyük Menderes Graben (west Turkey) and its tectonic implications. Geological Magazine 129, 239–242.
SEYİTOĞLU, G. & SCOTT,B.C. 1994. Late Cenozoic basin development in west Turkey – Gördes basin tectonics and sedimentation. Geological Magazine 131, 631–637.
SEYİTOĞLU, G. & SCOTT,B.C. & RUNDLE, C.C. 1992. Timing of Cenozoic extensional tectonics in west Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 149, 533–538.
SICKENBERG, O., BECKER-PLATEN, J., BENDA, L., BERG, D., ENGESSER, B., GAZIRY, W., HEISSIG, K., HUNERMANN, K.A., SONDAAR, P.Y., SCHMIDTKITTLER, N., STAESCHE, U., STEFFENS, P. & TOBIEN, H. 1975. Die Geliederung des höheren Jungtertiars und Altquartars in der Türkei nach Vertebraten und ihre Bedeutung für die internationale Neogene-Stratigraphie. Geologischen Jahrbuch Reihe 15, 167 p.
SOYSAL, H., SİPAHİOĞLU, S., KOLÇAK, D. & ALTINOK, Y. 1981. Türkiye ve Çevresinin Tarihsel Deprem Katalo¤u (M.Ö. 2100 – M.S. 1900) [Historical Earthquakes Catalog of Turkey and its Environment (2100 B.C. to 1900 A.D.)]. TÜBİTAK Project no. TBAG–314 [in Turkish, unpublished].
SÖZBİLİR, H. 2002. Revised stratigraphy and facies analysis of Paleocene–Eocene supra-allochthonous sediments (Denizli, SW Turkey) and their tectonic significance. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 11, 87–112.
TAYMAZ, T. 1993. The source parameters of the Çubukdağ (W Turkey) earthquake of 1986 October 11. Geophysical Journal International 113, 260–267.
TAYMAZ, T. & PRICE, S. 1992. The 1971 May 12 Burdur earthquake sequence, SW Turkey: a synthesis of seismological and geological observations. Geolphysical Journal International 108, 589–603.
TAYMAZ, T. & TAN, O. 2001. Source parameters of June 6, 2000 Orta Çankırı (Mw = 6.0) and December 15, 2000 Sultandağ-Akşehir (Mw=6.0) earthquakes obtained from inversion of teleseismic Pand SH body-waveforms. Symposia on Seismotectonics of the Northwestern Anatolia–Aegean and Recent Turkish Earthquakes, İstanbul, Extended Abstracts, 96–107.
TAYMAZ, T., TAN, O., ÖZALAYBEY, S. & KARABULUT, H. 2002. Source characteristics of February 3, 2001 Çay-Sultandağ earthquake (Mw=6.5) sequence in SW Turkey: a synthesis of seismological observations of body-waveforms, strong motions, and aftershock seismicity survey data. 1st International Symposium of İstanbul Technical University, the Faculty of Mines on Earth Sciences and Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey, Abstracts, p. 60.
TEMİZ, H., POISSON, A., ANDREIEUX, A.A. & BARKA, A.A. 1997. Kinematics of the Plio–Quaternary Burdur-Dinar cross-fault system in SW Anatolia (Turkey). Annales Tectonica XI, 102–113.
TEMİZ, H., GÜRSOY, H. & TATAR, O. 1998. Kinematics of Late Pliocene–Quaternary normal faulting in the southeastern end of the Gediz Graben, Western Anatolia, Turkey. International Geology Review 40, 638–646.
TEKELİ, O., AKSAY, A., ÜRGÜN, B.M. & IŞIK, A. 1984. Geology of the Aladağ Mountains. In: TEKELİ, O. & GÜNCÜOĞLU, M.C. (eds), Geology of the Taurus Belt. International Symposium, 26–29 September 1983, Ankara, Turkey, Proceedings, 143–158.
TOKÇAER, M., AGOSTINI, S. & SAVAŞÇIN, Y. 2005. Geotectonic setting and origin of the youngest Kula volcanics (Western Anatolia), with a new emplacement model. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 14, 145–166.
USGS 2007. United States of Geological Survey–National Earthquake Information Center.
UYSAL, Ş., DUMONT, J.F. & POISSON, A.1980. Batı Toros Platformları [Western Tauride Platforms]. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute (MTA) of Turkey Report no. 80/4-13 [in Turkish, unpublished].
WALDRON, J.W.F. 1984. Structural history of the Antalya Complex in the ‘Isparta Angle’, southwest Turkey. In: DIXON, J.E. & ROBERTSON, A.H.F. (eds), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 17, 273–278.
WELLS, D.L. & COPPERSMITH, S.R. 1994. New empirical relationships among magnitude rupture length, rupture width, rupture area and surface displacement. Bulletin of Seismological Society of America 84, 974–1002.
WESTAWAY, R. 1990. Block rotation in western Turkey. 1. Observational evidence. Journal of Geophysical Research 95, 19857–19884.
WRIGHT, T.J., PARSONS, B.E., JACKSON, J.A., HAYNES, M., FIELDING, E.J., ENGLAND, P.C. & CLARKE, P.J. 1999. Source parameters of the 1 October 1995 Dinar (Turkey) earthquake from SAR interferometry and seismic bodywave modeling. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 172, 23–37.
YAĞMURLU, F. 1991. Yalvaç-Yarıkkaya Neojen havzasının stratigrafisi ve depolanma ortamı [Stratigraphy and depositional setting of the Yalvaç-Yarıkkaya Neogene basin]. Geological Society of Turkey Bulletin 34, 9–19 [in Turkish with English abstract].
YETİŞ, C. 1987. Facies and environmental aspects of the fluvio-lacustrine Oligo–Miocene deposits in the Çameli (Niğde) area. Geological Society of Turkey Bulletin 30, 1–8 [in Turkish with English abstract].
YILMAZTÜRK, A. & BURTON, P. W. 1999. Earthquake source parameters as inferred from the body waveform modeling, southern Turkey. Geodynamics 27, 469–499.
YILMAZ, Y., GENÇ, Ş.C., GÜRER, F., BOZCU, M., YILMAZ, K., KARACIK, Z., ALTUNKAYNAK, Ş. & ELMAS, A. 2000. When did the western Anatolian grabens begin to develop? In: BOZKURT, E., WINCHESTER, J.A. & PIPER, J.D.A. (eds), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 173, 353–384.
YUSUFOğLU,H.1998. Paleo- and Neo-tectonic Characteristics of the Gediz and Küçük Menderes Grabens in West Turkey. PhD Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Geological Engineering Department [unpublished].
ZANCHI, A. & ANGELIER, J. 1993. Seismotectonic of western Anatolia: regional stress orientation from geophysical and geological data. Tectonophysics 222, 259–274.