Early Pliocene molluscs from the easternmost Mediterranean region (SE Turkey): biostratigraphic, ecostratigraphic, and palaeobiogeographic implications
The mollusc faunas from Pliocene deposits of the Hatay-İskenderun region were investigated at nine localities and complemented with three localities from earlier studies. The Pliocene units were deposited in three adjacent subbasins, Hatay-Samandağ (HS), Altınözü-Babatorun (AB), and İskenderun-Arsuz (İA); the first two are also known as the Hatay Graben. Basin configurations and shape, environmental evolution, and faunal compositions were affected by differential tectonic histories since the Late Miocene. In total 162 species (94 gastropod, 61 bivalve, and 7 scaphopod) are recorded, 80 of which are recorded for the first time from the region. The occurrence of tropical stenohaline benthic taxa (such as Persististrombus coronatus and some conid gastropod species) and a number of chronostratigraphically well-constrained mollusc species shows a Zanclean age. The base of the Early Pliocene is also shown by the occurrence of planktic foraminifer assemblages corresponding to MPL1 and MPL2 biozones and the nannoplankton Amaurolithus delicatus assemblage. The Early Pliocene Hatay molluscan assemblages allow for palaeobiogeographic comparisons across the Mediterranean. The Pliocene marine fossiliferous deposits are assigned to the Mediterranean Pliocene Molluscan Unit 1 (MPMU1) of the western Mediterranean and Atlantic regions. However, the eastern Mediterranean assemblages are notably poorer in species and in particular a number of thermophilic groups are lacking. This marine biodiversity gradient has been a characteristic feature of the Mediterranean ever since the Pliocene.
___
- Adam W, Glibert M (1974). Contribution a la connaissance de
Nassarius semistriatus (Brocchi, 1814) (Mollusca: Gastropoda).
Bull Inst R Sc N B-S 51: 1-69 (in French).
- Adam W, Glibert M (1976). Observations sur le “groupe” de Nassarius
clathrus (Born, 1778) (Mollusca: Prosobranchia). Bull Inst R Sc
N B-S 44: 1-69 (in French).
- Aksu AE, Hall J, Yaltırak C (2005). Miocene to Recent tectonic
evolution of the eastern Mediterranean: new pieces of the old
Mediterranean puzzle. Mar Geol 221: 1-23.
- Anfossi G, Brambilla G, Mosma S (1983). La fauna del Pliocene di
Taino (Varese). Atti dell’Istituto Geologico dell’Universita di
Pavia 20: 343-363 (in Italian).
- Bellardi L (1882). I molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e
della Liguria, 3. Gasteropoda (Buccinidae, Cyclopsidae,
Purpuridae, Coralliophilidae, Olividae). Memorie della Reale
accademia delle scienze di Torino (2) 34 (1883): 219-469 (in
Italian).
- Bellardi L (1884). I molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della
Liguria. 4. Fasciolariidae e Turbinellidae. Memorie della Reale
accademia delle scienze di Torino 37: 3-62 (in French).
- Ben Moussa A (1994). Les Bivalves Néogénes du Maroc septentrional
(façades atlantique et méditerranéenne). Biostratigraphie,
paléobiogéographie et méditerranénne). Biostratigraphie,
paléobiogéographie et paléoécologie. Lyon, France: Docum.
Lab. Géol. Lyon (in French).
- Bernasconi MP (1990). Osservazioni su alcuni turritellidi pliocenici.
B Soc Paleontol I 29: 29-37 (in Italian).
- Bernasconi MP, Robba E (1984). The Pliocene Turridae from western
Liguria, 1. Clavinae, Turrinae, Turriculinae, Crassispirinae,
Borsoniinae, Clathurellinae. Bollettino (Museo regionale di
scienze naturali (Turin, Italy)) 2: 257-358.
- Boulton SJ, Robertson AHF (2007). The Miocene of the Hatay area,
S Turkey: transition from the Arabian passive margin to an
underfilled foreland basin related to closure of the Southern
Neotethys Ocean. Sed Geol 198: 93-124.
- Boulton SJ, Robertson AHF (2008). The Neogene–Recent Hatay
Graben, South Central Turkey: graben formation in a setting
of oblique extension (transtension) related to post-collisional
tectonic escape. Geol Mag 145: 800-821.
- Boulton SJ, Robertson AHF, Ellam RM, Şafak Ü, Ünlügenç U (2007).
Strontium isotopic and micropalaeontological dating used to
help redefine the stratigraphy of the neotectonic Hatay Graben,
southern Turkey. Turkish J Earth Sci 16: 141-179.
- Boulton SJ, Robertson AHF, Ünlügenç U (2006). Tectonic an
sedimentary evolution of the Cenozoic Hatay Graben, Southern
Turkey: a two-phase, foreland basin then transtensional basin
model. In: Robertson AHF, Mountrakis D, editors. Tectonic
Development of the Eastern Mediterranean. London, UK:
Geological Society of London Special Publications, pp. 613-
634.
- Boulton SJ, Smart CW, Consolaro C, Snider A (2016). The Miocene–
Pliocene boundary and the Messinian Salinity Crises in
easternmost Mediterranean: insights from the Hatay Graben
(Southern Turkey). Sed Geol 332: 51-67.
- Brébion P (1964). Les gastéropodes du Redonian et leur signification,
1-2. PhD, University of Paris, Paris, France (in French).
Brebion P (1979). Iconographie critique des gastéropodes marins
du Pliocéne supérior et du Quternaire marocains atlantiques.
Bulletin du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle 137-149 (in
French).
- Brebion P, Demarcq G, Lauriat A, Montenat C (1971). Le Pliocéne de
la region d’Elche (province d’Alicante, Espagne) et sa faune de
mollusques. Estudi Geol 27: 197-211 (in French).
- Brebion P, Lauriat-Rage A, Pajaud D, Pouyet S, Roman J (1979). Les
faunes pliocénes des environs d’Aguilas (provinces d’Almera
et de Murcia, Espagne méridionale). Bulletin du Muséum
national d’histoire naturelle 511: 55-76 (in French).
- Brocchi G (1814). Conchiologie fossile subappennina, con
osservazioni geologiche sugli Apennini e sul suolo adiacente,
1-2. Milano (Stamperia Reale): 1-712 (in Italian).
- Büyükmeriç Y (2016). Postglacial floodings of the Marmara Sea
(Turkey): molluscs and sediments tell the story. Geo-Mar Lett
36: 307-321.
- Caprotti E (1974). Molluschi del Tabiano (Pliocene Inferiore) della
Val d’Arda, loro connesioni temporali e spaziali. Conchiglie 10:
215-239 (in Italian).
- Caprotti E (1975). Grandi linee evolutive e limiti di variabilita di
turritelle del Nord Italia dal Totoniano ad oggi. Conchiglie 10:
215-239 (in Italian).
- Cerulli-Irelli S (1908). Fauna Malacologica Mariana. Parte seconda.
Palaeontographia Italica 14: 1-64 (in Italian).
- Chirli C (1988). Malacofauna Pliocenica di Poggibbonsi. Cava delle
Piaggiole. Poggibonsi. Florence, Italy: Lalli Editore (in Italian).
- Chirli C (2000). Malacofauna Pliocenica Toscana, 2 Superfamiglia
Muricoidea. Florence, Italy: C. Chirli (in Italian).
- Chirli C (2002). Malacofauna Pliocenica Toscana 1. Superfamiglia
Muricoidea. Florence, Italy: C. Chirli (in Italian).
- Chirli C (2008). Malacofauna Pliocenica Toscana, 6, Neotaenioglossa.
Florence, Italy: C. Chirli (in Italian).
- Chirli C, Micali P (2011). Malacofauna Pliocenica Toscana, 8.
Pyramidelloidea. Florence, Italy: C. Chirli (in Italian).
- Chirli C, Richard C (2008). Les mollusques plaisanciens de la Cote
d’Azur. Florence, Italy: C. Chirli (in Italian).
- Cita M (1973). Pliocene Biostratigraphy and Chronostratigraphy.
Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 13, https://doi.
org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.13.147-1.1973.
- Cita MB (1975a). The Miocene/Pliocene boundary: history and
definition. In: Saito D, Burkle LH, editors. Late Neogene Epoch
Boundaries. New York, NY, USA: Micropaleontology Special
Publications, pp. 1-30.
- Cita MB (1975b). Studi sul Pliocene e gli strati di passagio dal
Miocene al Pliocene, VII. Planktonic foraminiferal zonation of
the Mediterranean Pliocene deep sea record. Riv Ital Paleontol
S 81: 527-544.
- Coll M, Piroddi C, Steenbeek J, Kaschner K, Rais Lasram FB, Aguzzi
J, Ballesteros E, Bianchi CN, Corbera J, Dailianis T et al. (2010).
The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns,
and threats. PLoS One 5: e11842.
- Ćorić S, Harzhauser M, Rögl F, İslamoğlu Y, Landau BM (2012).
Biostratigraphy of some mollusc-bearing Middle Miocene
localities on the Karaman high plain (Turkey, Konya province).
Cainozoic Research 9: 281-288.
- Corselli C, Bernocchi A (1992). A revision of the Mediterranean
Plio-Pleistocene Dimyidae Fischer, 1886. Riv Ital Paleontol S
97: 661-676.
- da Silva CM (2001). Gasteropodes pliocénicos marinhos de Portugal:
sistematica, paleoecologia, paleogeografia. PhD, University of
Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (in Portuguese).
- Daus H (1914). Beiträge zur Kenntnis des marinen Miocäns in
Kilikien und Nordsyrien. Stuttgart, Germany: Neues Jahr f.
Min Geol Palaont Beilageband (in German).
- Dollfus GF, Cotter JCB (1909). Le Pliocène au nord du Tage
(Plaisancien), 1re Partie Pelecypoda. Lisbon, Portugal: Comm.
Serv. Géol. Portugal (in French).
- Dubertret L, Vautrin H, Keller A (1937). Contribution à l’étude
géologique de la côte Libano-Syrienne. Notes et Mémoires
/ Syrie et Liban, T. 2; Notes et mémoires de la Section
d’e’tudes géologiques du Service des travaux publics du Haut
Commissariat de la République française en Syrie et au Liban,
Tome 2. Paris, France: Haut-commissariat de la République
française en Syrie et au Liban (in French).
- Ediger VS, Batı Z, Kozlu H (1996). Tortonian-Messinian
palynomorphs from the easternmost Mediterranean region,
around İskenderun, Turkey. Micropalentology 42: 189-205
Erentöz C (1955). Kışlaköy Strüktürü (İskenderun - Hatay). Maden
Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi 46/47: 1-20 (in Turkish).
- Erünal-Erentöz L (1958). Mollusques du Néogène des Bassins de
Karaman, Adana et Hatay (Turquie). L’insitiut D’études et de
recherches miniéres de Turquie 4: 1-232 (in French).
- Esu D (2007). Latest Messinian “Lago-Mare” Lymnocardiinae from
Italy: close relations with the Pontian fauna from the Dacic
Basin. Geobios 40: 291-302.
- Fekih M (1975). Paléoécologie du Pliocene marin au Nord de la
Tunisie. Ann Mines 27: 1-195 (in French).
- Fontannes F (1879–1882). Les invertébrés du bassin tertiaire du sudest
de la France. Les mollusques pliocénes de la vallédu Rhone
et du Roussillon. t1, Gasteropodes. Paris, France: Georg, Lyon
& F. Savy (in French).
- Giacobbe S (2012). Biodiversity loss in Sicilian transitional waters:
the molluscs of Faro Lake. Biodiversity Journal 3: 501-510.
- Gili CV (1991). Els Nassaridae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) del
Pliocé de la Meditrrania Occidental. PhD, University of
Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (in Spanish).
- Gili C, da Silva CM, Martinell, J (1995). Pliocene nassarids (Mollusca:
Neogastropoda) of central-west Portugal. Tertiary Research 15:
95-110.
- Gonzalez-Delgado JA (1985). Estudio sistematico de los
Gasteropodos del Plioceno de Huelva (SW de Espana). 1:
Archaeogastropoda. Studia Geologica Salmanticensia 20: 45-
77 (in Spanish).
- Gonzalez-Delgado JA (1986). Estudio sistematico de los
Gasteropodos del Plioceno de Huelva (SW de Espana).
2: Mesogastropoda. Rissoacea. Cerithacea. Studia Geologica
Salmanticensia 23: 61-120 (in Spanish).
- Gonzalez-Delgado JA (1988). Estudio sistematico de los
Gasteropodos del Plioceno de Huelva (SW de Espana).
2: Mesogastropoda. Rissoacea. Cerithacea. Studia Geologica
Salmanticensia 25: 109-159 (in Spanish).
- Gonzalez-Delgado JA (1989). Estudio sistematico de los Gasteropodos
del Plioceno de Huelva (SW de Espana). 4: Neogastropoda
(Muricaea, Buccinacea), Studia Geologica Salmanticensia 26:
269-315 (in Spanish).
- Harmer FW (1914–1918). The Pliocene Mollusca of Great Britain,
Being Supplementary to S.V. Wood’s Monograph of the Crag
Mollusca, 1. London, UK: Monographs of the Palaeontographical
Society.
- Harmer FW (1920). The Pliocene Mollusca of Great Britain, Being
Supplementary to S.V. Wood’s Monograph of the Crag Mollusca,
1. London, UK: Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society.
Harzhauser M, Kroh A, Mandic O, Piller WE, Göhlich U, Reuter M,
Berning B (2007). Biogeographic responses to geodynamics: A
key study all around the Oligo Miocene Tethyan Seaway. Zool
Anz 246: 241-256.
- Harzhauser M, Piller, WE, Steininger FF (2002). Circum-Mediterranean
Oligo-Miocene biogeographic evolution - the gastropods’ point
of view. Palaeogeogr Palaeocl 183: 103-133.
- Hsü KJ, Montadert L, Ross DA, Neprochnov YP (1978). Annotated
record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from
DSDP Leg 42 (Holes 372 and 379A). PANGAEA, https://doi.
org/10.1594/PANGAEA.871889.
- İslamoğlu Y, Varol B, Tekin E, Akça N, Hakyemez N, Sözeri K, Herece
E (2009). New paleontological data and integrated approach for
the analysis of Messinian-Zanclean deposits from the Eastern
Mediterranean region (İskenderun-Hatay subbasins, SE Turkey).
In: 13th Congress of the Regional Committee on Mediterranean
Neogene Stratigraphy, “Earth System and Evolution and the
Mediterranean area from 23 Ma to the present”, Naples, Italy,
Abstracts, pp. 49-52.
- Karakaş Z, Varol B, Tekin E, Ayyıldız T (2009). Mineralogical and
chemical properties of palygorskite occurrences in the Miocene
to Pliocene boundary (Iskenderun Basin), South of Turkey. In:
XIV International Clay Conference-Italy, p. 18.
- Karakuş K, Taner G (1994). Samandağ formasyonunun (Antakya
havzası) yaşi ve molluska faunasına bağlı paleoekolojik özellikleri.
Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 37: 87-109 (in Turkish).
- Kozlu H (1997). Doğu Akdeniz bölgesinde yer alan Neojen basenlerinin
(İskenderun, Misis-Andırın) tektono-stratigrafi birimleri ve
bunların tektonik gelişimi. PhD, Çukurova University, Adana,
Turkey (in Turkish).
- Landau B, Beu A, Marquet R (2004a). The Early Pliocene Gastropoda
(Mollusca) of Estepona, Southern Spain, Part 5: Tonnoidea,
Ficoidea. Palaeontos 5: 35-102.
- Landau BM, Silva CM (2006). The Early Pliocene Gastropoda
(Mollusca) of Estepona, sourthern Spain. Part 9 Olividae.
Palaeontos 9: 1-21.
- Landau B, da Silva CM, Gili C (2009). The Early Pliocene Gastropoda
(Mollusca) of Estepona, southern Spain, Part 8. Nassaridae.
Palaeontos 17: 1-101.
- Landau B, da Silva CM, Mayoral E (2011). The Lower Pliocene
Gastropods of the Huelva Sands formation, Guadalquivir basin,
southwestern Spain. Paleofocus 4: 1-90.
- Landau BM, Harzhauser M, İslamoğlu Y, da Silva CM (2013).
Systematics and palaeobiogeography of the gastropods of
the middle Miocene (Serravalian) Karaman basin, Turkey.
Cainozoic Research 11-13: 3-584.
- Landau BM, Houart R, Silva CM da (2007). The early Pliocene
Gastropoda (Mollusca) of Estepona, southern Spain, 7.
Muricidae. Palaeontos 11: 1-87.
- Landau BM, La Perna R, Marquet R (2006). The Early Pliocene
Gastropoda (Mollusca) of Estepona, southern Spain Part 6,
Triphoroidea, Epitonioidea, Eulimoidea. Paleontos 10: 1-96
- Landau B, Marquet R, Grigis M (2003). The Early Pliocene Gastropoda
(Mollusca) of Estepona, Southern Spain, Part 1: Vetigastropoda.
Palaeontos 3: 1-87.
- Landau B, Marquet R, Grigis M (2004b). The Early Pliocene
Gastropoda (Mollusca) of Estepona, Southern Spain, Part 2:
Orthogastropoda, Neotaenioglossa. Palaeontos 4: 1-108.
- Lauriat-Rage A (1981) Les Bivalvesdu Redonian (Pliocéne Atlantique
de France) signification stratigraphique et paléobiogeographique.
Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Série C,
Sciences de la Terre, Tome XLV. Paris, France: Muséum National
d’Histoire Naturelle (in French).
- Lauriat-Rage A (1986). Les bivalves du Pliocéne de Normandie.
Bulletin du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle 8C/1: 3-51 (in
French).
- Lauriat-Rage A, Brébion P, Buge E, Chaix C, Chevalier M, Margerel
JP, Pajaud D, Pouit D, Roman J, Viaut JM (1989a). Le gisement
redonien (pliocéne) de la Marniére (La Limouziniére,
paléobiologie, affinités paléobiogéographiques. Géologie de la
France 1-2: 117-152 (in French).
- Lauriat-Rage A, Vergnaud Grazzini C, Chevalier M, Viaud JM
(1989b). Le Pliocéne (Redonien) de Basse-Loire et Vendée.
Biostratigraphie et paléomilieu de nouveaux gisements d’aprés
l’étude des bivalves et de la composition isotopique de leur
coquille. Géologie de la France 1-2: 215-222 (in French).
- Lecointre G (1952). Recherches sur le Neogéne et le Quternaire
marins de la côte atlantique du Maroc. II, Paléontologie. Notes
et Mémoires du service géologique 99: 5-170 (in French).
- Llop Castella I (1990). Aportacion al estudio de la variabilidad. Bittium
reticulatum s. 1 analisis de la periferia. Bolletino Malacologico
26: 131-142 (in Italian).
- Lourens L, Hilgen F, Shackelton NJ, Laskar J, Wilson D (2004).
Appendix 2. Orbital tuning calibrations and conversions for the
Neogene period. In:Gradstein, FM, Ogg, JG, Smith AG (eds).
Geol Time Scale 2004. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press, pp. 469-471.
- Malatestata A (1974). Malacofauna pliocenica Umbra. Memorie per
Servire alla Carta Geologica d’Italia 13: 1-498 (in Italian).
- Marasti R, Raffi S (1977). Diversita` tassonomica dei bivalvi pliocenici
del Bacino Padano: 1°, I bivalvi dell’Emilia occidentale. Acta
Naturalia de l’Ateneo Parmense 13: 3-70 (in Italian).
- Marasti R, Raffi S (1980) La diversita` tassonomica dei bivalvi del
Pliocene Mediterraneo: elenco preliminare. Proposta di lavoro al
gruppo di ricerca CNR ‘Paleobenthos’. Parma, Italy: Universita
degli Studi (in Italian).
- Marquet M (1997a). Pliocene gastropod faunas from Kallo (Oost-
Vlaanderen, Belgium), 2. Caenogastropoda: Potamididae to
Tornidae. Contributions to Tertiary and Quaternary Geology
34: 9-29.
- Marquet M (1997b). Pliocene gastropod faunas from Kallo (Oost-
Vlaanderen, Belgium), 3-4. Caenogastropoda: Aporrhaidae to
Muricidae (3) Buccinidae to Helicidae (4). Contributions to
Tertiary and Quaternary Geology 34: 69-149.
- Marquet M (1998). De Pliocene gastropodenfauna van Kallo (Oost-
Vlaanderen, Belgie). Antwerp, Belgium: Belgische Vereniging
voor Paleontologie v.z.w. (in Dutch).
- Martinell J (1979). Mesogastropoda del Plioceno del Emporda
(Girona). I. Descriptiva y Sistematica. Studia Geologica
Salmanticensia 15: 85-165 (in Spanish).
- Martinell J (1982). El Plioceno de Sant de la mergen derecha del Rio
Fluvia (Alt Emporda, Girona). Estud Geol-Madrid 3: 379-384
(in Spanish).
- Martinell J, Domenech R (1984a). Données nouvelles sur la
malacofaune du Pliocéne marin de la valléde la Tet, aux
environs de Millas (Pyrénées-Orientales). Géologie de la
France 1-2: 165-174 (in French).
- Martinell J, Domenech R (1984b). Malacofauna del Plioceno de Sant
Onofre (Baix Ebre; Tarragona). Iberus 4: 1-17 (in Spanish).
- Martinell J, Domenech R (1985). Charateristiques tafonomiques
i paleoecologiques del Pliocé Mari de l’Emporda. Centre
d’Investigaciones Arquelogiques Série Monografica 4: 5-69 (in
Spanish).
- Mauro BM, Giuseppe V (2005). Nuove specie di Gasteropodi del
Piacenzano di rio Crevalese, Castell’Arquato (Piacenza, Italia).
Bolletino Malacologico 41: 1-22 (in Italian).
- Meco J (1977). Los Strombus neogenos y cuaternarios del Atlantico
euroafricano (taxonomia, biostratigrafia y paleoecologia).
Paleontologia de Canarias, Vol. 1. Excmo. Las Palmas, Spain:
Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria (in Spanish).
- Meulenkamp JE, Jonkers A, Spaak P (1979). Late Miocene to Early
Pliocene development of Crete. Proceedings. VI Coll. Geol.
Aegean Reg (Athens), 137–149.
- Meulenkamp JE, Van der Zwaan GJ, Van Wamel WA (1994). On late
Miocene to Recent vertical motions in the Cretan segment of
the Hellenic arc. Tectonophysics 234: 53–72.
- Monegatti P, Raffi S (2001). Taxonomic diversity and stratigraphic
distribution of Mediterranean Pliocene bivalves. Palaeogeogr
Palaeocl 165: 171-193.
- Monegatti P, Raffi S (2007). Mediterranean-Middle Eastern Atlantic
Façade: molluscan biogeography and ecobiostratigraphy
throughout the Late Neogene. Açoreana Supplements 5: 126-
139.
- Moshkovitz S (2012). The Mollusca in the marine Pliocene and
Pleistocene sediments of the south-eastern Mediterranean
basin (Cyprus-Israel). PhD, Ministry of Energy and Water
Resources, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Nevesskaja LA (1963). Guide to the Identification of Bivalves from
Quaternary Marine Sediments of the Black Sea. Transactions of
the Paleontological Institute, Vol. 96. Moscow, USSR: Academy
of Sciences of the USSR.
- Palla P (1967). Gasteropodi Pliocenici della bassa val d’Elsa (Toscana
occidentale). Riv Ital Paleontol S 73: 931-1020 (in Italian).
- Pavia G (1975). I molluschi del Pliocene Infériore di Monteu Roero
(Alba, Italia, NW). B Soc Paleontol Ital 14: 99-175 (in Italian).
- Pavia G (1980). Gli opercoli calcarei delle Naticidae (Mollusca,
Gastropoda) nel Pliocene norditaliano. Bollettino Malacologico
16: 225-276 (in Italian).
- Pavia G (1991). I molluschi del Messianiano di Borelli (Torino), 2.
Scaphopoda. Bollettino (Museo regionale di scienze naturali
(Turin, Italy)) 9: 105-172 (in Italian).
- Pelosio G (1967). La malacofauna dello stratotipo del Tabianiano
(Pliocene inferiore) de Tabiano Bagni (Parma). B Soc Paleontol
Ital 5: 101-183 (in Italian).
- Perinçek D, Çemen İ (1990). The structural relationship between
the East Anatolian and Dead Sea fault zones in Southeastern
Turkey. Tectonophysics 172: 331-340.
- Pilot MD, Brebion P, Lauriat-Rage A (1975). Les gisements fosiliféres
du néogene récent et du quaternaire de la région d’Aléria
Vadina. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Historiques et
Naturelles de la Corse 615/616: 61-72 (in French).
- Raffi S, Monegatti P (1993). Bivalve taxonomic diversity throughout
the Italian Pliocene as a tool for climatic-oceanographic and
stratigraphic inferences. In: Proceedings of the 1st R.C.M.N.S.
Congress, Lisbon, 1992, pp. 45-50.
- Robba E (1978). Studi paleoecologici sul Pliocene Ligure. Riv Ital
Paleontol S 84: 491-522 (in Italian).
- Robba E (1981). Studi Paleoecologici sul Pliocene Ligure. IV.
Malacofaune Batiali della Liguria occidentale. Riv Ital Paleontol
S 87: 93-164 (in Italian).
- Roman F (1940). Listes raisonnées des faunes du Pliocéne et du
Miocéne de Syrie et du Liban. Paris, France: Haut-commissariat
de la République française en Syrie et au Liban (in French).
- Rouchy JM, Freneix S (1979). Quelques gisements messiniens
de bivalves (formations des tripolis d’Algérie et du Maroc),
signification paléoécologique. Annales Géologiques des Pays
Helléniques 3: 1061-1070 (in French).
- Sacco F (1890). I molluschi dei terreni terziari del Piemonte e della
Liguria, parte 8: Galeodoliidae, Doliidae, Ficulidae e Naticidae.
Memorie della Reale accademia delle scienze di Torino 1-114
(in Italian).
- Sacco F (1891). I molluschi dei terreni terziari del Piemonte e della
Liguria, 9: Naticidae (fine), Scalaridae edAclidae. Memoire
della Reale accademia delle scienze di Torino 1-103 (in Italian).
- Sacco F (1892a). I molluschi dei terreni terziari del Piemonte e della
Liguria, 10. Cassidae (aggiunte), Terebridae e Pusionellidae.
Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della
Reale Universita di Torino 1-88 (in Italian).
- Sacco F (1892b). I molluschi dei terreni terziari del Piemonte e della
Liguria, 12. (Pyramdellidae (fine), Ringiculidae, Solariidae
e Scalariidae (agg.). Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed
Anatomia comparata della Reale Univdersita di Torino 7: 54-
57 (in Italian).
- Sacco F (1895a). I molluschi dei terreni terziari del Piemonte e della
Liguria, 17: Memorie della Reale Accademiadelle Sicenze.
Turin, Italy: C. Clausen (in Italian).
- Sacco F (1895b). I molluschi dei terreni terziari del Piemonte e della
Liguria. Vol. 18: Memorie della Reale Accademiadelle Sicenze.
Turin, Italy: C. Clausen (in Italian).
- Sacco F (1895c). I molluschi dei terreni terziari del Piemonte e della
Liguria, 19: Memorie della Reale Accademiadelle Sicenze.
Turin, Italy: C. Clausen (in Italian).
- Sacco F (1896). I molluschi dei terreni terziari del Piemonte e della
Liguria. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze. Turin,
Italy: C. Clausen (in Italian).
- Sacco F (1897–1901). I molluschi dei terreni terziari del Piemonte e
della Liguria. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze,
parte. 23-29. Turin, Italy: C. Clausen (in Italian).
- Şengör AMC, Yılmaz Y (1981). Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate
tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 7: 181-241.
- Selçuk H (1981). Kızıldağ-Keldağ – Hatay dolayının jeolojisi ve
jeodinamik evrimi. MTA Rep No: 7787, Ankara, Turkey: MTA
(in turkish).
- Selçuk H (1985). Etude geologique de la partie meridionale du Hatay
(Turquie). PhD, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (in
French).
- Sınacı M (2012). Fluctuations of sea water temperature based on
nannofloral changes during the Middle to Late Miocene,
Adana Basin, Turkey. Turkish J Earth Sci 21: 1-18.
- Solsona M (1998). Paleobiologia dels Mesogastéropodes del
Pliocé del Mediterrani Nord-Occidental. PhD, University of
Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (in Spanish).
- Tekin E, Varol B, Ayyıldız T (2010). Sedimentology and
paleoenvironmental evolution of Messinian evaporites in the
İskenderun-Hatay basin complex, Southern Turkey. Sediment
Geol 229: 282-298.
- Tekin E, Varol B, Ayyıldız T, Kozlu H (2006). Sedimentology of the
Messinian (Upper Miocene) evaporites in the İskenderun
Basin. In: 59th Geological Congress of Turkey, MTA, Ankara,
pp. 191-192 (in Turkish with an English abstract).
- Vera-Pelaez JL (2002). Revision de la familia Turridae, excepto
Clavatulinae (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) en el Plioceno de
las cuencas de Malaga y Vélez Malaga (Malaga, S. Espana) con
la descripcion de 26 especies nuevas. Pliocenica 2: 176-262 (in
Spanish).
- Wood SV (1872–1874). Supplement to the Monograph of the Crag
Mollusca, with Descriptions of Shells from the Upper Tertiaries
of the East of England, 3. Univalves and Bivalves, with an
Introductory Outline of the Geology of the Same District and
Map. London, UK: Monographs of the Palaeontographical
Society.