Improvement of electrochemical and structural properties of polycarbazole by simultaneous electrodeposition of chitosan

Polycarbazole/chitosan composite materials were synthesized electrochemically at various loadings of chitosan (Chi). Their electrochemical, structural, thermal, and morphological characterizations were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. Further electrical conductivity was measured using a four-point probe technique. The electrochemical results showed that the electrical conductivity of the polymeric composite film was increased by increasing the amount of Chi in the electrolyte medium. The as-prepared composite films exhibited enhanced electrical conductivity and structural properties of polycarbazole due to the presence of Chi in the composite films.

PDF

___

1. Fu, Y.; Sun, M.; Wu, Y.; Bo, Z.; Ma, D. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2008, 46, 1349-1356.
2. Liu, R.; Xiong, Y.; Zeng, W.; Wu, Z.; Du, B.; Yang, W.; Sun, M.; Cao, Y. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2007, 208, 1503-1509.
3. Verghese, M. M.; Ram, M. K.; Vardhan, H.; Malhotra, B. D. Polymer 1997, 38, 1625-1629.
4. Lim, J.; Ko, H. C.; Lee, H. Synth. Met. 2006, 156, 695-698.
5. Wang, Y.; Hou, L.; Yang, K.; Chen, J.; Wang, F.; Cao, Y. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2005, 206, 2190-2198.
6. Moghaddam, R. B.; Pickup, P. G. Electrochim. Acta 2013, 97, 326-332.
7. Ate¸s, M. Mater. Sci. Eng., C 2013, 33, 1853-1859.
8. Joshi, N.; Saxena, V.; Singh, A.; Koiry, S. P.; Debnath, A. K.; Chehimi, M. M.; Aswal, D. K.; Gupta, S. K. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2014, 200, 227-234.
9. Frau, A. F.; Park, Y.; Pernites, R. B.; Advincula, R. C. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2012, 297, 875-886.
10. Lei, W.; Wu, Q.; Si, W.; Gu, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Deng, J.; Hao, Q. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2013, 183, 102-109.
11. Yal¸cınkaya, S.; Demetg¨ul, C.; Timur, M.; C¸ olak, N. Carbohydr. Polym. 2010, 79, 908-913.
12. Yal¸cınkaya, S. Prog. Org. Coat. 2013, 76, 181-187.
13. Luo, X. L.; Xu, J. J.; Zhang, Q.; Yang, G. J.; Chen, H. Y. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2005, 21, 190-196.
14. Mostafa, T. B.; Darwish, A. S. Chem. Eng. J. 2014, 243, 326-339.
15. Abdi, M. M.; Mahmud, H. N. M. E.; Kassim, A.; Yunus, W. M. M.; Mohd, Z. A. T.; Haron, J. Polym. Sci. Ser. B. 2010, 52, 662-669.
16. He, L.; Wang, H.; Xia, G.; Sun, J.; Song, R. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2014, 314, 510-515.
17. Cabuk, M.; Alan, Y.; Yavuz, M.; Unal, H. I. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2014, 318, 168-175.
18. Lu, X.; Qiu, Z.; Wan, Y.; Hub, Z.; Zhao, Y. Composites Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2010, 41, 1516-1523.
19. Layek, R. K.; Samanta, S.; Nandi, A. K. Polymer 2012, 53, 2265-2273.
20. Lee, R. J.; Temmer, R.; Tamm, T.; Aabloo, A.; Kiefer, R. React. Funct. Polym. 2013, 73, 1072-1077.
21. K¨oleli, F.; Balun Kayan, D. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2010, 638, 119-122.
22. Balun Kayan, D.; K¨oleli, F. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2016, 181, 88-93.
23. Aydın, R.; Ozt¨urk Do˘gan, H.; K¨oleli, F. ¨ Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2013, 140-141, 478-482.
24. C¸irmi, D.; Aydın, R.; K¨oleli, F. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2015, 736, 101-106.
25. Abdi, M. M.; Kassim, A.; Ekramul Mahmud, H. N. M.; Yunus, W. M. M.; Talib, Z. A.; Sadrolhosseini, A. R. J. Mater. Sci. 2009, 44, 3682-3686.
26. Li, Y.; Li, G.; Peng, H.; Chen, K. Polym. Int. 2011, 60, 647-651.
27. Xiang, C.; Li, R.; Adhikari, B.; She, Z.; Li, Y.; Kraatz, H. B. Talanta 2015, 140, 122-127.
28. Marroquin, J. B.; Rhee, K. Y.; Park, S. J. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 92, 1783-1791.
29. Balun Kayan, D.; K¨oleli, F. Turk. J. Chem. 2015, 39, 648-659.
30. Gupta, B.; Singh, A. K.; Prakash, R. Thin Solid Films 2010, 519, 1016-1019.
31. Ge, S.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, H.; Huang, J.; Yan, M.; Yu, J. Talanta 2015, 145, 12-19.
32. Krushnamurty, K.; Rini, M.; Srikanth, I.; Ghosal, P.; Das, A. P.; Deepa, M.; Subrahmanyam, Ch. Composites: Part A 2016, 80, 237-243.
33. Ghosh, A.; Ma, L.; Gao, C. J. Mater. Sci. 2013, 48, 3926-3935.
34. Aneesh, K.; Ravikumar, G.; Berchmans, S. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2014, 44, 927-934.
35. Kweon, H. Y.; Um I. C.; Park, Y. H. Polymer 2001, 42, 6651-6656.
36. Tian, F.; Liu, Y.; Hu, K.; Zhao, B. Polymer 2004, 57, 31-37.
37. G¨ok, A.; Omastov, M.; Yavuz, A. G. Synth. Met. 2007, 157, 23-29.