The application of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) for a green economy: a review

The concern for the issues related to the growing needs of human civilization like resource depletion, pollution, climatechanges, and health risk has led to a search for eco-friendly alternatives to environmental problems. Recently, hemp started gainingpopularity for its medicinal, nontoxic, greenhouse negative, and biodegradable properties. Originating from the steppes of CentralAsia, Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) is one of the oldest domesticated plants known to humans. Since 5000–4000 BC, different parts of theplant were used for spinning, weaving, papermaking, the seed for human feed, animal feeds, medicinal, and health purposes. Reportsalso suggest the use of hemp as an organic additive in the historic earthen plasters of Ellora Caves, India (6th Century). Due to itspsychoactive and recreational properties, this environmentally friendly plant lost its importance eventually in the 19th century and itscultivation was made illegal. People, in general, changed their outlook towards the plant and considered it a sign of moral indignation.Recently, food, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, building, energy, and other industries found hemp to be a promising solution forsynthetic-based economies. Since then, the cultivation of hemp has been reintroduced, legalized in some countries, and now in recenttimes, there has been a good reimplementation of the plant in creating a green economy. This review will highlight the application ofhemp and display its outstanding qualities in minimizing environmental and health issues. Based on the knowledge gained from variousscientific resources; the commercial, industrial, and agricultural potential of the plant will be unveiled to give more push towards thehemp cultivation.

PDF

___

Abedi E, Sahari MA (2014). Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid sources and evaluation of their nutritional and functional properties. Food Science & Nutrition 2(5): 443-463. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.121
Aldrich MR (1977). Tantric Cannabis use in India. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 9(3): 227-233. doi: 10.1080/02791072.1977.10472053
Amar MB (2006). Cannabinoids in medicine: a review of their therapeutic potential. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 105(1-2): 1-25.
Andre CM, Hausman JF, Guerriero G (2016). Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules. Frontiers in Plant Science (7): 19. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00019
Angelo AJS, Yatsu LY, Altschul AM (1968). Isolation of edestin from aleurone grains of Cannabis sativa. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics (124) 199-205. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90320-2
Baker D, Pryce G, Giovannoni G, Thompson AJ (2003). The therapeutic potential of Cannabis. The Lancet, Neurology 2 (5): 291-298 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00381-8
Bender J (1994). Future Harvest: Pesticide-free Farming, Vol.5. Lincoln, NE, USA: University of Nebraska Press.
Bouloc P (2013). Hemp: Industrial Production and Uses. Boston, MA, USA: CABI.
Bouquet R J (1950). Bulletin on narcotics. Bulletin on Narcotics 2 (4): 14-30.
Brenneisen R (2007). Chemistry and analysis of phytocannabinoids and other Cannabis constituents. In: ElSohly MA (editor). Marijuana and the Cannabinoids. Totowa, NJ, USA: Humana Press, pp. 17-49. doi: 10.1007/978-1-59259-947-9_2
Brett CT, Waldron KW (1996). Physiology and Biochemistry of Plant Cell Walls. The Netherlands: Springer Netherlands (Topics in Plant Physiology).
Callaway JC (2004). Hempseed as a nutritional resource: An overview. Euphytica 140 (1–2): 65-72. doi: 10.1007/s10681- 004-4811-6
Callaway JC, Tennilä T, Pate DW (1996). Occurrence of “omega-3” stearidonic acid (cis-6, 9, 12, 15-octadecatetraenoic acid) in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed. Journal of the International Hemp Association 3 (2): 61-64.
Callaway JC (2004). Hempseed as a nutritional resource: An overview. Euphytica 140 (1–2): 65-72. doi: 10.1007/s10681- 004-4811-6
Carus M, Karst S, Kauffmann A, Hobson J, Bertucelli S (2013). The European Hemp Industry: Cultivation, processing and applications for fibres, shivs and seeds. European Industrial Hemp Association (65): 9.
Chopra IC, Chopra RN (1957). The use of the Cannabis drugs in India. Bulletin on Narcotics 9 (1): 4-29.
Conrad C (1994) Hemp: Lifeline to the Future : the Unexpected Answer for Our Environmental and Economic Recovery. Virginia, USA: Creative Xpressions Publications.
Dąbrowski J, Siniarska-Czaplicka J (1991) Rękodzieło papiernicze. Wyd. nakł. Wydawnictwa Czasopism i Książek Technicznych” SIGMA” NOT, Spółka z oo (in Polish).
Dai D, Fan M (2010). Characteristic and performance of elementary hemp fibre. Materials Sciences and Applications 1 (6): 336-342. doi: 10.4236/msa.2010.16049
Dayanandan P, Kaufman PB (1976). Trichomes of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae). American Journal of Botany 63 (5), 578-591. doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1976.tb11846.x.
Deferne JL, Pate DW (1996). Hemp seed oil: a source of valuable essential fatty acids. Journal of the International Hemp Association 3 (1): 4-7.
Malachowska E, Przybysz P, Dubowik M, Kucner M, Buzala K (2015). Comparison of papermaking potential of wood and hemp cellulose pulps. Annals of Warsaw University of Life SciencesSGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology (91) 134-137.
ElSohly MA, Slade D (2005). Chemical constituents of marijuana: the complex mixture of natural cannabinoids. Life Sciences 78 (5): 539-548. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.011
Erasmus U (1993). Fats that Heal, Fats that Kill: the Complete Guide to Fats, Oils, Cholesterol, and Human Health. Canada: Alive Books. Fike J (2016). Industrial hemp: renewed opportunities for an ancient crop. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 35 (5-6): 406-424.
Finnan J, Styles D (2013). Hemp: a more sustainable annual energy crop for climate and energy policy. Energy Policy (58) 152-162. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.02.046
Fischedick JT, Hazekamp A, Erkelens T, Choi YH, Verpoorte R (2010). Metabolic fingerprinting of Cannabis sativa L., cannabinoids and terpenoids for chemotaxonomic and drug standardization purposes. Phytochemistry 71 (17-18): 2058-2073. doi: 10.1016/j. phytochem.2010.10.001
Fryxell GE, Kimbro M, Mottershead T (2001). The Boston trading and manufacturing co. ltd.(HK): Hemp, fashion and the environment. Asian Case Research Journal World Scientific 5 (02): 203-225.
Garcia-Jaldon, Dupeyre D, Vignon MR (1998). Fibres from semiretted hemp bundles by steam explosion treatment. Biomass and Bioenergy 14(3): 251-260. doi: 10.1016/S0961-9534(97)10039-3
Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL (2017). Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made, Science advances. American Association for the Advancement of Science 3 (7): e1700782.
Gill P, Soni SK, Kundu K (2011). Comparative study of Hemp and Jatropha oil blends used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal. 13 (3).
Gray DJ, Baker H, Clancy K, Clarke RC, deCesare K et al. (2016). Current and future needs and applications for Cannabis. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 35 (5-6): 425-6 doi: 10.1080/07352689.2017.1284529
Grinspoon L, Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB (1993). The history of Cannabis. In: Marihuana, the Forbidden 21 Medicine. New Haven, CT, USA: Yale University Press, pp. 1-23.
Guillamon E, Pedrosa MM, Burbano C, Cuadrado C, de Cortes Sánchez M et al. (2008). The trypsin inhibitors present in seed of different grain legume species and cultivar. Food chemistry 107 (1): 68-74. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.029
Gutiérrez A, del Río JC (2005). Chemical characterization of pitch deposits produced in the manufacturing of high-quality paper pulps from hemp fibers. Bioresource Technology 96 (13): 1445- 1450. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.008
Hoffman JR, Falvo M J (2004). Protein - which is best?. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, Asist Group 3 (3): 118-130. Holbery J, Houston D (2006). Natural-fiber-reinforced poly mer composites in automotive applications. Journal of Minerals 58 (11): 80-86. doi: 10.1007/s11837-006-0234-2.10
House JD, Neufeld J, Leson G (2010). Evaluating the quality of protein from hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) products through the use of the protein digestibility- corrected amino acid score method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58 (22): 11801–11807. doi: 10.1021/jf102636b
Jabeen N, Majid I, Nayik GA (2015). Bioplastics and food packaging: A review. Cogent Food & Agriculture 1 (1): 1117749. Jiang HE, Li X, Zhao YX, Ferguson DK, Hueber F et al. (20 06). A new insight into Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) utilization from 2500-year-old Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang, China. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108 (3): 414-422. doi: 10.1016/j. jep.2006.05.034
Jones K (1995). Nutritional and medicinal guide to hemp seed. Canada: Rainforest Botanical Laboratory. Lehmannv T (1995). Chemical profiling of Cannabis sativa L. University of Bern.
Leizer C, Ribnicky D, Poulev A, Dushenkov S, Raskin I (2000). The composition of hemp seed oil and its potential as an important source of nutrition. Journal of Nutraceuticals, Functional & Medical Foods 2 (4): 35-53. doi: 10.1300/J133v02n04_04
Leyva DR, McCullough RS, Pierce GN (2011). Medicinal use of hempseeds (Cannabis sativa L.): fects on platelet aggregation’. In: Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press, pp. 637-646. doi 10.1016/ B978-0-12-375688-6.10074-X
Li H L (1973). An archaeological and historical account of Cannabis in China. Economic Botany 28 (4): 437-448.
Li HL (1974). The origin and use of Cannabis in Eastern Asia linguistic-cultural implications. Economic Botany 28(3): 293- 301. doi: 10.1007/BF02861426
Lower GA (1937). Flax and hemp: from the seed to the loom. Y Mechanical Engineering.
Macfarlane S, Macfarlane G T, Cummings J H (2006). Review article: prebiotics in the gastrointestinal tract. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 24 (5): 701-714. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03042.x
Maisto SA, Galizi M, Connors G J (2014). Drug Use and Abuse. Stanford, CA, USA: Cengage Learning.
Marsh G (2003). Next step for automotive materials. Materials Today 6 (4): 36-43. doi: 10.1016/S1369-7021(03)00429-2
Martin BR, Cabral G, Childers SR, Deadwyler S, Mechoulam R et al. (1993). International Cannabis Research Society meeting summary, Keystone, CO. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 31 (3): 219.
McKim WA, Hancock SD (2013). Drugs and Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Pharmacology. Michigan, USA: Pearson.
McPartland JM (1997). Cannabis as repellent and pesticide’. Journal of the International Hemp Association 4 (2): 89-94.
Mechoulam R (1986). The pharmacohistory of Cannabis sativa. In: Mechoulam R (editor). Cannabinoids as Therapeutic Agents. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
Meredith J, Ebsworth R, Coles SR, Wood BM, Kirwan K (2012). Natural fibre composite energy absorption structures. Composites Science and Technology 18; 72 (2): 211-217 doi: 10.1016/j. compscitech.2011.11.004
Merlin MD (2003). Archaeological evidence for the tradition of psychoactive plant use in the old world. Economic Botany 57 (3): 295-323.
Nahas GG. (1973). Marihuana, deceptive weed. New York, NY, USA: Raven Press.
Nixdorff KK, Schlecht S, Rüde E, Westphal O (1975). Immunological responses to Salmonella R antigens. The bacterial cell and the protein edestin as carriers for R oligosaccharide determinants. Immunology 29 (1): 87-102.
Oláh A, Tóth BI, Borbíró I, Sugawara K, Szöllõsi AG et al. (2014). Cannabidiol exerts sebostatic and antiinflammatory effects on human sebocytes. The Journal of clinical investigation 124 (9): 3713-3724.
Olschewski M (1995). Umweltvertragliche tenside fur wasch- und reingungsmittel auf naturstoffbasis. Bioresource Hemp 562-567 (in German).
Osburn L (1992). Hemp seed: the most nutritionally complete food source in the world. Part two: hemp seed oils and the flow of live force. Hemp Line (1): 12-14.
Paris M, Nahas GG (1984). Botany: the Unstabilized Species. Marihuana in Science and Medicine. New York, NY, USA: Raven Press.
Peças P, Carvalho H, Salman H, Leite M (2018). Natural fibre composites and their applications: a review. Journal of Composites Science 2 (4): 66.
Pfeiffer AFH, Weickert MO (2008). Metabolic effects of dietary fiber consumption and prevention of diabetes’. The Journal of Nutrition 138 (3): 439-442. doi: 10.1093/jn/138.3.439
Potter DJ, Clark P, Brown M B (2008). Potency of Δ9–THC and other cannabinoids in Cannabis in England in 2005: implications for psychoactivity and pharmacology. Journal of Forensic Sciences 53 (1): 90-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00603.x
Pringle H (1997). Ice age communities may be earliest known net hunters. Science 277 (5330): 1203 LP-1204. doi: 10.1126/ science.277.5330.1203
Radwan MM, Ross SA, Slade D, Ahmed SA, Zulfiqar F et al. (2008). Isolation and characterization of new Cannabis constituents from a high potency variety. Planta Medica 74 (03): 267-272.
Rausch P (1995). Verwendung von hanfsamenöl in der cosmetik, Bioresource Hemp Symposium Frankfurt. Germany (in German). Rehman MS, Rashid N, Saif A, Mahmood T, Han JI (2013). Potential of bioenergy production from industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa): Pakistan perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1 (18): 154-164.
Rodriguez-Leyva D, Pierce GN (2010). The cardiac and haemostatic effects of dietary hempseed. Nutrition & Metabolism 7 (132. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-32
Ruman M, Klvanova L (2008). Konopí: Staronový přítel člověka. Zelená pumpa - Chraštické Ekocentrum, Konopa (in Czech).
Sapino S, Carlotti ME, Peira E, Gallarate M (2005). Hemp‐seed and olive oils: their stability against oxidation and use in O/W emulsions. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 27 (6): 355.
Schultes RE (1970) Random Thoughts and Queries on Botany of Cannabis. J. & A. Churchill.
Schultes RE, Klein WM, Plowman T, Lockwood TE (1974). Cannabis: An example of taxonomic neglect. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University. 28; 23 (9): 337-367.
Simopoulos AP (2008). The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Experimental Biology and Medicine Maywood 233 (6): 674-688. doi: 10.3181/0711-MR-311
Singh M, Arbad BR (2014). Characterization of traditional mud mortar of the decorated wall surfaces of Ellora caves.
Construction and Building Materials 65: 384-395. doi: 10.1016/j. conbuildmat.2014.04.126
Singh M, Mamania DN (2018). The scope of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) use in Historical conservation in India. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 17 (2): 314-321.
Singh M, Sardesai MM (2016). Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) in ancient clay plaster of Ellora caves, India. Current Science. Indian Acadamic Sciences. 110 (5): 884.
Small E (1979). Practical and natural taxonomy for Cannabis. The species. Canada.
Theimer RR, Mölleken H (1995). Analysis of the oil from different hemp cultivars perspectives for economical utilization. Bioresource Hemp 2: 536-543.
Touw M (1981). The religious and medicinal uses of Cannabis in China, India and Tibet. Journal of Psychoactive drugs 13 (1): 23-34.
Turner CE, Elsohly MA, Boeren EG (1980). Constituents of Cannabis sativa L.XVII. a review of the natural constituents. Journal of Natural Products. American Chemical Society 43 (2): 69-234. doi: 10.1021/np50008a001
Vogl CR, Mölleken H, Lissek-Wolf G, Surböck A, Kobert J (2004). Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as a resource for green cosmetics: Yield of seed and fatty acid compositions of 20 varieties under the growing conditions of organic farming in Austria. Journal of Industrial Hemp 9 (1): 51-68.
Weil A (1993). Therapeutic hemp oil. Natural Health: 10-12. West CJ (1921). Hemp wood as a papermaking material. Paper Trade Journal.
Wirtshafter D (1995). Nutrition of hemp seeds and hemp seed oil. Bioresource Hemp: 546-555.
Wujastyk D (2002). Cannabis in traditional Indian herbal medicine. In: Ayurveda at the Crossroads of Care and Cure, Centro de Historia del Alêmm-Mar, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, pp. 45-73.
Zuardi AW (2006). History of Cannabis as a medicine: a review. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry 28 (2): 153-157.