Some factors affecting the abundance of phytoplankton in an unproductive alkaline lake (Lake Hazar, Turkey)

This study aimed to explain the seasonal and vertical distribution of phytoplankton in the pelagic zone of a deep alkaline lake that is characterized by low phytoplankton abundance. Phytoplankton and water samples were collected seasonally from 9 points and 7 depths between the surface and 20 m from December 2004 to September 2005. Planktolyngbya contorta was the dominant or subdominant species in all seasons and depths. The dominance of Gomphonema species was observed in December, but they were subdominant in September. Cyclotella meneghiniana was dominant at 20 m and subdominant in the upper depths during March, June, and September. Melosira sp. and Meridion circulare were the dominant taxa of the surface phytoplankton in March and June, respectively. A nonparametric test showed the prevalence of cyanobacteria and green algae at a depth of 10 m. Principal component analysis showed the effect of temperature, pH, dissolved solids, nitrate, and silica on the abundance and distribution of phytoplankton. The generalized linear model revealed that high pH and high dissolved solids content seemed to affect the abundance of phytoplankton via limiting nutrient availability.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Key words: Phytoplankton, distribution, external factors, principal component analysis, generalized linear model

Some factors affecting the abundance of phytoplankton in an unproductive alkaline lake (Lake Hazar, Turkey)

Keywords:

Key words: Phytoplankton, distribution, external factors, principal component analysis, generalized linear model,

PDF

___

APHA, AWWA, WEF (1995). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. 16th ed. Washington DC, USA: American Public Health Association.
Degermendzhy AG, Belolipetsky VM, Zotina TA, Gulati RD (2002). Formation of the vertical heterogeneity in the Lake Shira ecosystem: the biological mechanisms and mathematical model. Aquat Ecol 36: 271–297.
Degermendzhy AG, Gulati RD (2002). Understanding the mechanisms of blooming of phytoplankton in Lake Shira, a saline lake in Siberia (the Republic of Khakasia). Aquat Ecol 36: 333–340.
Dodds WK (2003). Misuse of inorganic N and soluble reactive P concentrations to indicate nutrient status of surface waters. J N Am Benthol Soc 22: 171–181.
Fritz SC, Cumming BF, Gasse F, Laird KR (1999). Diatoms as indicators of hydrologic climatic change in saline lakes. In: Stoermer EF, Smol JP, editors. The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. 1st ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 41–72.
Gaevsky NA, Zotina TA, Gorbaneva TB (2002). Vertical structure and photosynthetic activity of Lake Shira phytoplankton. Aquat Ecol 36: 165–178.
Girgin S, Kazancı N, Dügel M (2004). On the limnology of deep and saline Lake Burdur in Turkey. Acta Hydroch Hydrob 32: 189–200.
Goldman CR, Horne AJ (1983). Limnology. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.
Guildford SJ, Hecky RE (2000). Total nitrogen, total phosphorus and nutrient limitation in lakes and oceans: is there a common relationship? Limnol Oceanogr 45: 1213–1223.
Hakanson L, Jansson M (1983). Principles of Lake Sedimentology. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
Håkansson S (1993). Numerical methods for the inference of pH variations in mesotrophic and eutrophic lakes in southern Sweden—a progress report. Diatom Res 8: 349–370.
Harris GP (1986). Phytoplankton Ecology: Structure, Function and Fluctuation. London, UK: Chapman and Hall.
Hecky RE, Kilham P (1988). Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton in freshwater and marine environments: a review of recent evidence on the effects of enrichment. Limnol Oceanogr 33: 796–822.
Hustedt F (1985). The Pennate Diatoms: A Translation of Hustedt’s Die Kieselalgen, 2. Teil. Koenigstein, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books.
Hutchinson GE (1967). A Treatise on Limnology, Vol. 2: Introduction to Lake Biology and the Limnoplankton. New York, NY, USA: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Interlandi SJ, Kilham SS (2001). Limiting resources and the regulation of diversity in phytoplankton communities. Ecology 82: 1270–1282.
John DM, Whitton BA, Brook AJ (2002). The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles: An Identification Guide to Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Kazancı N, Girgin S, Dügel M (2004). On the limnology of Salda Lake, a large and deep soda lake in southwestern Turkey: future management proposals. Aquat Conserv 14: 151–162.
Koçer MAT, Şen B (2012). The seasonal succession of diatoms in phytoplankton of a soda lake (Lake Hazar, Turkey). Turk J Bot 36: 738–746.
Kopylov AI, Kosolapov DB, Degermendzhy NN, Zotina TA, Romanenko AV (2002). Phytoplankton, bacterial production and protozoan bacterivory in stratified, brackish-water Lake Shira (Khakasia, Siberia). Aquat Ecol 36: 205–217.
Krammer K, Lange-Bertalot N (1986). Subwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bacillariophyceae 1. Teil: Naviculaceae. Stuttgart, Germany: Gustav Fisher Verlag (book in German).
Krammer K, Lange-Bertalot N (1988). Subwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bacillariophyceae 2. Teil: Bacillariaceae, Epithmicaea, Surirellacaea. Stuttgart, Germany: Gustav Fisher
Verlag (book in German). Krammer K, Lange-Bertalot N (1991a). Subwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bacillariophyceae 3. Teil: Centrales, Fragiliariaceae, Eunotiaceae. Stuttgart, Germany: Gustav Fisher Verlag (book in German).
Krammer K, Lange-Bertalot N (1991b). Subwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bacillariophyceae 4. Teil: Achnanthaceae. Stuttgart, Germany: Gustav Fisher Verlag (book in German).
Kruk C, Mazzeo N, Lancerot G, Reynolds CS (2002). Classification schemes for phytoplankton: a local validation of a functional approach to the analysis of species temporal replacement. J Plankton Res 24: 901–912.
Lepš J, Šmilauer P (2003). Multivariate Analysis of Ecological
Data Using CANOCO. 1st ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Longhi ML, Beisner BE (2009). Environmental factors controlling the vertical distribution of phytoplankton in lakes. J Plankton Res 31: 1195–1207.
Mellard JP, Yoshiyama K, Litchman E, Klausmeier CA (2011). The vertical distribution of phytoplankton in stratified water columns. J Theor Biol 269: 16–30.
Moura AN, Bittencourt-Oliveira MC, Dantas EW, Arruda Neto JDT (2007). Phytoplanktonic associations: a tool to understand dominance events in a tropical Brazilian reservoir. Acta Bot Bras 21: 641–648.
Nürnberg GK (1996). Trophic state of clear and colored, soft and hardwater lakes with special consideration of nutrients, anoxia, phytoplankton and fish. Lake Reserv Manage 12: 432–447.
OECD (1982). Eutrophication of Waters: Monitoring, Assessment and Control. Paris, France: OECD.
Padisak J, Crossetti LO, Naselli-Flores L (2009). Use and misuse in the application of the phytoplankton functional classification: a critical review with updates. Hydrobiologia 621: 1–19.
Patrick R, Reimer CW (1966). The Diatoms of the United States, Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Patrick R, Reimer CW (1975). The Diatoms of the United States, Vol. 2, Part 1. Philadelphia, USA: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Pinilla GA (2006). Vertical distribution of phytoplankton in a clear water lake of Colombian Amazon. Hydrobiologia 568: 79–90.
Prescott GW (1982). Algae of the Western Great Lakes Area.
Koenigstein, Germany: Otto Koeltz Science Publishers. Reynolds CS (1984). The Ecology of Freshwater Phytoplankton.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Reynolds CS (1998). What factors influence the species composition of phytoplankton in lakes of different trophic status? Hydrobiologia 369–370: 11–26.
Reynolds CS, Huszar V, Kruk C, Naseli-Flores L, Melo S (2002). Towards a functional classification of the freshwater phytoplankton. J Plankton Res 24: 417–428.
Round FE (1981). The Ecology of Algae. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Şen B (1988). Hazar Gölü (Elazığ) Alg Florası ve Mevsimsel Değişimleri Kısım I. Litoral Bölge. In: IX. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı. Sivas, Turkey, pp. 289–298 (article in Turkish).
Şen B, Topkaya B, Nacar V (1995). Hazar Gölü Algleri ve Trofik Düzeyi. I. In: Hazar Gölü ve Çevresi Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı. Elazığ, Turkey, pp. 149–153 (article in Turkish).
Solak CN, Barinova S, Ács E, Dayıoğlu H (2012). Diversity and ecology of diatoms from Felent creek (Sakarya river basin), Turkey. Turk J Bot 36: 191–203.
Solak CN, Kulikovskiy M (2013). Species composition and distribution of centric diatoms from Türkmen Mountain (Sakarya River Basin/Turkey). Turk J Bot 37: 589–596.
Sönmez F, Şen B (2011). Seasonality and distribution of epilithic diatoms in an alkaline lake (Lake Hazar, Elazığ, Turkey). Fresen Environ Bull 20: 1458–1464.
Stevenson RJ, Bothwell ML, Lowe RL (1996). Algal Ecology: Freshwater Benthic Ecosystems. London, UK: Academic Press. ter Braak CJF (1995). Ordination. In: Jongman RHG, ter Braak CJF, van Tongeren OFR, editors. Data Analysis in Community and Landscape Ecology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 91–173. ter Braak CJF, Verdonschot PFM (1995). Canonical correspondence analysis and related multivariate methods in aquatic ecology. Aquat Sci 57: 255–264.
Tilman D, Kilham SS, Kilham P (1982). Phytoplankton community ecology: the role of limiting nutrients. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 13: 349–372. van Dam H, Mertens A, Sinkeldam J (1994). A coded checklist and ecological indicator values of freshwater diatoms from the Netherlands. Aquat Ecol 28: 117–133.
Walin JA, Stone JR (1999). Diatoms as indicators of water-level change in freshwater lakes. In: Smol JP, Stoermer EF, editors.
The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. 1st ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 174–185. Wehr JD, Sheath RG (2003). Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification. Burlington, MA, USA: Academic Press.
Wetzel RG (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. 3rd ed.
San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Winder M, Hunter DA (2008). Temporal organization of phytoplankton communities linked to physical forcing. Oecologia 156: 179–192.