Magdalena POGORZELEC, Katarzyna GLEBOCKA, Barbara HAWRYLAK-NOWAK, Marzena PARZYMIES

Reproduction and diversity of the endangered Salix lapponum L. populations in Eastern Poland

The main aim of the study was to increase the knowledge on the ecology and biology of the boreal relict Salix lapponum L., an endangered plant in Poland, in order to create an effective protection program. An important aspect was to determine the within- and among-population genetic diversity of the studied species in order to evaluate whether the basic stages of the generative reproduction cycle in the populations were correct. The results confirmed that S. lapponum pollen viability and germinability, for both fresh and stored pollen, were high and so were the seed germination ability and dynamics. All individuals were of sexual origin and the expected heterozygosity was moderate. In spite of this, young individuals were observed in only 1 out of 5 studied populations and it was the most numerous one. Although the genetic diversity among the populations was not very high (PhiPT = 0.12), it accumulated in a quite short period of time, probably during the second part of the 20th century, as a consequence of habitat fragmentation. A lack of gene flow, either by pollen or seeds, may lead to further differentiation of the populations and extinction of the smallest ones. For this reason, preventive measures should be undertaken in order to enlarge the existing populations and to reconstruct S. lapponum populations in selected sites where environmental conditions are the most similar to those preferred by this species.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Salix lapponum L., genetic diversity, pollen viability, seed germination, conservation, inter-simple sequence repeat

Reproduction and diversity of the endangered Salix lapponum L. populations in Eastern Poland

Keywords:

Salix lapponum L., genetic diversity, pollen viability, seed germination, conservation, inter-simple sequence repeat,

PDF

___

Asma BM (2008). Determination of pollen viability, germination ratios and morphology of eight apricot genotypes. Afr J Biotechnol 7: 4269–4273.
Bossuyt B (2007). Genetic rescue in an isolated metapopulation of a naturally fragmented plant species, Parnassia palustris. Conserv Biol 21: 832–841.
Dane F, Olgun G, Dalgic O (2004). In vitro pollen germination of some plant species in basic culture medium. J Cell Mol Biol 3: 71–76.
Diaz L, Garay BR (2007). Simple methods for in vitro pollen germination and pollen preservation of selected species of the genus Agave. E-Gnosis 6: 1–7.
Douhovnikoff V, Dodd RS (2003). Intra-clonal variation and a similarity threshold or identification of clones: application to Salix exigua using AFLP molecular markers. Theor Appl Genet 106: 1307–1315.
Douhovnikoff V, McBride JR, Dodd RS (2005). Salix exigua clonal growth and population dynamics in relation to disturbance regime variation. Ecology 86: 446–452.
Earl DA, vonHoldt BM (2012). Structure Harvester: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conserv Genet Resour 4: 359–361.
Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J (2005). Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Mol Ecol 14: 2611–2620.
Fijałkowski D (1958). Badania nad rozmieszczeniem i ekologią wierzby lapońskiej (Salix lapponum) na Pojezierzu Łęczyńsko- Włodawskim. Fragm Flor et Geobot 3: 89–103 (article in Polish with an abstract in English).
Fijałkowski D, Lorens B (1998). Rośliny borealne we florze Lubelszczyzny. Ann UMCS sec. C 53: 61–71 (article in Polish with an abstract in English).
Grossi MA, Julio N, Gardenal CN, Di Rienzo J, Funes G (2011). Genetic variability in Apurimacia dolichocarpa (Fabaceae), a narrow endemic species of Córdoba Hills, Argentina. Ann Bot Fenn 48: 21–28.
Hoagland DR, Arnon DI (1950). The water-culture method for growing plants without soil. Calif Agric Exp Sta Circ 347: 1–32.
Hörandl E, Florineth F, Hadacek F (2002). Weiden in Österreich und angrenzenden Gebieten. Wien, Austria: Universität für Bodenkultur (in German).
Kaźmierczakowa R, Zarzycki K (2001). Polska Czerwona Księga Roślin. Polish Red Book of Plants. Pheridiophytes and Flowering Plants. 2nd ed. Cracow, Poland: Botany Institute PAN.
Khan SA, Perveen A (2008). Germination capacity of stored pollen of Morus alba (Moraceae) and their maintenance. Pak J Bot 40: 1823–1826.
Kikuchi S, Suzuki W, Sashimura N (2011). Gene flow in an endangered willow Salix hukaoana (Salicaceae) in natural and fragmented riparian landscapes. Conserv Genet 12: 79–89.
Lee KM, Kim YY, Hyun JO (2011). Genetic variation in populations of Populus davidiana Dode based on microsatellite marker analysis. Genes Genomics 33: 163–171.
Lyra DH, Sampaio LS, Pereira DA, Silva AP, Amaral CLF (2011). Pollen viability and germination in Jatropha ribifolia and Jatropha mollissima (Euphorbiaceae): Species with potential for biofuel production. Afr J Biotechnol 10: 368–374.
Meirmans PG, Van Tienderen PH (2004). GENOTYPE and GENODIVE: two programs for the analysis of genetic diversity of asexual organisms. Mol Ecol Notes 4: 792–794.
Michalczyk Z (1994). Zmiany sieci hydrograficznej w rejonie oddziaływania kanału Wieprz-Krzna. In: Radwan S, editor. Środowisko przyrodnicze w strefie oddziaływania kanału Wieprz-Krzna. Lublin, Poland: Towarzystwo Wolnej Wszechnicy Polskiej, pp. 43–46 (in Polish).
Mirek Z, Zarzycki K, Wojewoda W, Szeląg Z (2006). Czerwona lista roślin i grzybów Polski. Cracow, Poland: Instytut Botaniki PAN im. W. Szafera (in Polish).
Mosner E, Liepelt S, Ziegenhagen B, Leyer I (2012). Floodplain willows in fragmented river landscapes: Understanding spatio- temporal genetic patterns as a basis for restoration plantings. Biol Conserv 153: 211–218.
Nassar NMA, Santos ED, Sra D (2000). The transference of apomixes genes from Manihot neusaria Nassar to cassava, M. eculenta Crantz. Hereditas 132: 167–170.
Nybom H (2004). Comparison of different nuclear DNA markers for estimating intraspecific genetic diversity in plants. Mol Ecol 13: 1143–1155.
Peakall R, Smouse PE (2006). GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Mol Ecol Notes 6: 288–295.
Piękoś-Mirkowa H, Mirek Z (2006). Rośliny chronione. Warsaw, Poland: Multico Oficyna Wydawnicza (in Polish).
Podbielkowski Z (2002). Geografia roślin. Vol I. Europa, Azja, Afryka. Warsaw, Poland: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN (in Polish).
Pogorzelec M (2008). Influence of chosen environmental abiotic factors on Salix lapponum L. populations functioning in Polesie Lubelskie Region. Pol J Environ Stud 17: 139–144.
Pogorzelec M (2009). The downy willow (Salix lapponum L.) as a component of different phytocoenosis in Poleski National Park. Acta Agrobot 62: 107–116.
Pogorzelec M (2010). Salix lapponum L. (Downy willow) in stands under anthropopressure in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland. Acta Agrobot 63: 47–53.
Porebski S, Bailey LG, Baum BR (1997). Modification of a CTAB DNA extraction protocol for plants containing high polysaccharide and polyphenol components. Plant Mol Biol Rep 15: 8–15.
Pospíšková M, Sálková I (2006). Population structure and parentage analysis of black poplar along the Morava river. Can J Forest Res 36: 1067–1076.
Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P (2000). Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155: 945– 959.
Reed DH (2005). Relationship between population size and fitness. Conserv Biol 19: 563–568.
Saunders NE, Sipes SD (2006). Reproductive biology and pollination ecology of the rare Yellowstone Park endemic Abronia ammophila (Nyctaginaceae). Plant Species Biol 21: 75–84.
Skalona D, Vavratilova B, Ondrej V, Lebeda A (2010). Optimizing culture for in vitro pollination and fertilization in Cucumis dativus and C. melo. Acta Biol Cracov Bot 52: 111–115.
Smulders MJM, Cottrell JE, Lefevre F, van der Schoot J, Arens P, Vosman B, Tabbener HE, Grassi F, Fossati T, Castiglione S et al. (2008). Structure of the genetic diversity in black poplar (Populus nigra L.) populations across European river systems: consequences for conservation and restoration. Forest Ecol Manag 255: 1388–1399.
Sochor M, Vašut RJ, Bártová E, Majeskỳ L, Mráček J (2013). Can gene flow among populations counteract the habitat loss of extremely fragile biotopes? An example from the population genetic structure in Salix daphnoides. Tree Genet Genomes 9: 1193–1205.
Stamati K, Hollingsworth PM, Russel J (2007). Patterns of clonal diversity in three species of sub-arctic willow (Salix lanata, Salix lapponum and Salix herbacea). Plant Syst Evol 269: 75–88.
Tangmitcharoen S, Owens JN (1997). Pollen viability and pollen- tube growth following controlled pollination and their relation to low fruit production in teak (Tectona grasndis Linn. f.). Ann Bot 80: 401–410.
Wróblewska A (2013). High genetic diversity within island-like peripheral populations of Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum, a species with a northern geographic distribution. Ann Bot Fenn 50: 289–299.
Zarzycki K, Trzcińska-Tacik H, Różański W, Szeląg Z, Wołek J, Korzeniak U (2002). Ecological Indicator Values of Vascular Plants of Poland. Cracow, Poland: Instytut Botaniki PAN.
Zasada JC, Douglas DA, Buechler W (2008). Salix. In: Bonner FT, Karrfalt RP, editors. The Woody Plant Seed Manual. USA: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
Zietkiewicz E, Rafalski A, Labuda D (1994). Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. Genomics 20: 176–183.