Biogeographic divergences in the Iberian flora. A morpho-anatomic,ISSR-based, and environmental study of Iberian Buxus sempervirens L

Biogeographic divergences in the Iberian flora. A morpho-anatomic,ISSR-based, and environmental study of Iberian Buxus sempervirens L

Iberian Buxus spp. are represented by B. sempervirens, restricted to the Cantabrian, eastern Iberian Peninsula, and northeastern mountain systems, emerging scarcely in Portugal, and by B. balearica that occurs in the Betic deep river valleys and in the Balearic islands. The genetic affinity existent between fifteen populations of B. sempervirens was evaluated by seven ISSRs primers. Moreover, leaf morpho-anatomical measurements indicative of leaf performance (such as leaf area, leaf mass per unit area, width, length, shape factor, tissues thickness, stomatal density, and quantification of epi- and intracuticular waxes) and environmental characterization were conducted to get insight into the functional ecology of the genus Buxus. Six populations of B. balearica and 15 of B. sempervirens, collected in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic islands, were included to establish the interspecific ranges. A functional ecological description by morpho-anatomical analysis of leaves and a genetic and environmental approach exposed differences between Pyrenaean Cantabrian Portuguese and Iberian B. sempervirens populations. Genetic relationships among Buxus populations were investigated using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Seven ISSR primers generated a total of 159 unambiguous and repeatable bands, of which 156 (98.1%) were polymorphic. These divergences for Iberian B. sempervirens are explained by the isolation in their distributions since the Oligocene. Previsions for future climate change scenarios confirm those biogeographic divergences for the Iberian B. sempervirens.

___

  • Almeida da Silva A, RochaJ, SilvaA, García-CabralI, AmichF, Crespí AL (2014). The Iberian species of Scilla (subfamily Scilloideae, family Asparagaceae) under climatic change scenarios in southwestern Europe. Syst Bot 39: 1083–1098.
  • Bacelar EA, Correia CM, Moutinho-Pereira JM, Gonçalves B, Lopes JI, Torres-Pereira JM (2004). Sclerophylly and leaf anatomical traits of five olive cultivars grown under drought-field conditions. Tree Physiol 24: 233–239.
  • Barbaro L, Dutoit T, Cozic P (2001). A six-year experimental restoration of biodiversity by shrub-clearing and grazing in calcareous grasslands of the French Prealps. Biodivers Conserv 10: 119–135.
  • Benedí C (1997). Buxus L. In: Castroviejo S, Aedo C, Laínz M, Muñoz Garmendia F, Nieto Feliner G, Paiva J, Benedí C, editors. Flora Iberica, vol. 8. Madrid, Spain: CSIC, pp. 186–189. Available from URL: http://www.floraiberica.es/floraiberica/texto/pdfs/08_107_01%20Buxus.pdf [accessed 25 August 2014].
  • Björkman O (1981). Responses to different quantum flux densities. In Physiological Plant Ecology I. Responses to the Physical Environment. In: Lange OL, Nobel PS, Osmond CB, Ziegler H, editors. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology (New Series), Vol. 12A. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 57–107.
  • Bolhar-Nordenkampf H (1987). Shoot morphology and leaf anatomy in relation to photosynthesis. In: Coombs J, Hall D, Long S, Scurlock J, editors. Techniques in Bioproductivity and Photosynthesis. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press, pp 107–117.
  • Brooks JR, Sprugel DG, Hinckley TM (1996). The effects of light acclimation during and after foliage expansion on photosynthesis of Abies amabilis foliage within the canopy. Oecologia 107: 21–32.
  • Centritto M (2002). The effects of elevated [CO2] and water availability on growth and physiology of peach (Prunus persica) plants. Plant Biosyst 136: 177–188.
  • Cowling RM, Rundel PW, Lamont BB, Arroyo MK, Arianoutsou M (1996). Plant diversity in mediterranean-climate regions. Tree 11: 362–366.
  • Davis PH (1988). Buxus L. 10 In: Davis PH, editors, Flora of Turkey and the Aegean Islands. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 214.
  • Debnath SC (2007). Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) to assess genetic diversity within a collection of wild lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) clones. Can J Plant Sci 87: 337–344.
  • Decocq G, Bordier D, Wattez JR, Racinet P (2004). A practical approach to assess the native status of a rare plant species: the controverse of Buxus sempervirens L. in northern France revisited. Plant Ecol 173: 139–151.
  • Dijkstra P (1989). Cause and effect of differences in specific leaf area. I In: Lambers H, Cambridge ML, Konings H, Pons TL, editors. Causes and Consequences of Variation in Growth Rate and Productivity of Higher Plants. The Hague, Holland: SPB Academic, pp. 125–140.
  • Di Domenico F, Lucchese F, Magri D (2011). Late glacial and Holocene history of Buxus sempervirens L. in Italy. Annali di Botanica 1: 45–58.
  • Di Domenico F, Lucchese F, Magri D (2012). Buxus in Europe: Late Quaternary dynamics and modern vulnerability. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 14: 354–362.
  • Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J (2005). Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Mol Ecol 14: 2611–2620.
  • Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM (1992). Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131: 479–491.
  • Ferea TL, Botstein D, Brown PO, Rosenzweig RF (1999). Systematic changes in gene expression patterns following adaptive evolution in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 9721–9726.
  • Fuertes Aguilar J, Gutiérrez Larena B, Nieto Feliner G (2011). Genetic and morphological diversity in Armeria (Plumbaginaceae) is shaped by glacial cycles in Mediterranean refugia. Anales Jard Bot Madrid 68: 175–197.
  • Gómez-Gómez L, Ahrazem O, Herranz JM, Ferrandis P (2012). Genetic characterization and variation within and among populations of Anthyllis rupestris Coss., and endangered endemism of southern Spain. Biochem Syst Ecol 45: 138–147.
  • Graham CH, Elith J, Hijmans RJ, Guisan A, Townsend Peterson A, Loiselle BA (2008). The influence of spatial errors in species occurrence data used in distribution models. J Appl Ecol 45: 239–247.
  • Hamilton RJ (1995). Waxes: chemistry, molecular biology and functions. 1st ed. Edinburgh, UK: Oily Press.
  • Hernández Bermejo JE, Sainz Ollero H (1984). El análisis de semejanza aplicado al estudio de barreras y fronteras fitogeográficas: su aplicación a la corología y endemoflora ibéricas. Anales Jard Bot Madrid 40: 421–432 (in Spanish).
  • Köhler E (2007). Buxaceae. In: Kubitzki K editors. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol 9. Berlin, Germany: Springer, pp. 40–47.
  • Jiang ZH, Ji KS, Huang Y (2008). Analysis of genetic diversity of two populations of Buxus sinica var. parvifolia by RAPD. J Nanjing Forest Univ 32: 11–14.
  • Jiménez-Moreno G, Fauquette S, Suc JP (2010). Miocene to Pliocene vegetation reconstruction and climate estimates in the Iberian Peninsula from pollen data. Ver Palaeobot Palyno 162: 403–415.
  • Kaya Z, Raynal DJ (2001). Biodiversity and conservation of Turkish forests. Biol Conserv 97: 131–141.
  • Kumar P, Gupta VK, Misra AK, Modi DR, Pandey BK (2009). Potential of molecular markers in plant biotechnology. Plant Omics 2: 141–162.
  • Lázaro A, Traveset A (2006). Reproductive success of the endangered shrub Buxus balearica Lam. (Buxaceae): pollen limitation, and inbreeding and outbreeding depression. Pl Syst Evol 261: 117–128.
  • Lázaro A, Traveset A, Castillo A (2006). Spatial concordance at a regional scale in the regeneration process of a circum-Mediterranean relict (Buxus balearica): connecting seed dispersal to seedling establishment. Ecography 29: 683–696.
  • Leporatti ML, Ghedira K (2009). Comparative analysis of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Italy and Tunisia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 5: 31–39.
  • Letts MG, Rodríguez-Calcerrada J, Rolo-Romero V, Rambal S (2011). Long-term physiological and morphological acclimation by the evergreen shrub Buxus sempervirens L. to understory and canopy gap light intensities. Trees 26: 479–491.
  • Ly LY, Ji KS (2009). Identification on clones of Buxus sinica var. parvifolia by ISSR. China Forest Sci Techol 23: 87–89.
  • Mazur M, Klajbor K, Kielich M, Sowinska M, Romo A, Montserrat JM, Boratynski A (2010). Intra-specific differentiation of Juniperus phoenicea in the western Mediterranean region revealed in morphological multivariate analysis. Dendrobiology 63: 21–31.
  • Murienne J, Guilbert E, Grandcolas P (2009). Species’ diversity in the New Caledonian endemic genera Cephalidiosus and Nobarnus(Insecta: Heteroptera: Tingidae), an approach using phylogeny and species’ distribution modelling. Biol J Linn Soc 97: 177–184.
  • Myers N, Mittermeler RA, Mittermeler CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858.
  • Navarro‐Cerrillo RM, Hernández‐Bermejo JE, Hernández‐Clemente R (2011). Evaluating models to assess the distribution of Buxus balearica in southern Spain. Appl Veg Sci 14: 256–267.
  • Nei M (1978). Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89: 583–590.
  • O’Brien TP, McCully ME (1981). The Study of Plant Structure: Principles and Selected Methods. 1st ed. Melbourne, Australia: Termarcarphi Pty Ltd., pp. 357.
  • Pallardy SG (1981). Closely related woody plants. In: Kozlowski TT, editor. Water Deficits and Plant Growth, vol. 6. 1st ed. New York, NY, USA: Academic Press, pp. 511–548.
  • Peakall R, Smouse PE (2006). GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Mol Ecol Notes 6: 288–295.
  • Pérez-Obiol R, Jalut G, Julià R, Pèlachs A, Iriarte MJ, Otto T, Hernández-Beloqui B (2011). Mid-Holocene vegetation and climatic history of the Iberian Peninsula. The Holocene 21: 75–93.
  • Phillips SJ, Anderson RP, Schapire RE (2006). Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecol Model 190: 231–259.
  • Pignatti S (1978). Evolutionary trends in Mediterranean flora and vegetation. Vegetatio 37: 175–185.
  • Postigo Mijarra JM, Barrón E, Gómez Manzaneque F, Morla C (2009). Floristic changes in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic islands (south-west Europe) during the Cenozoic. J Biogeogr 36: 2025–2043.
  • Powell W, Morgante M, Andre C, Hanafey M, Vogel J, Tingey S, Rafalski A (1996). The comparison of RFLP, RAPD, AFLP and SSR (microsatellite) markers for germplasm analysis. Mol Breed 2: 225–238.
  • Prevost A, Wilkinson MJ (1999).A new system of comparing PCR primers applied to ISSR fingerprint of potato cultivars. Theor Appl Genet 98: 107–112.
  • Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P (2000). Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155: 945–959.
  • Poorter H, Niinemets U, Poorter L, Wright IJ Villar R (2009). Causes and consequences of variation in leaf mass per area (LMA): a meta-analysis. New Phytol 182: 565–588.
  • Rodrigues L, van den Berg C, Póvoa O, Monteiro A (2013). Low genetic diversity and significant structuring in the endangered Mentha cervina populations and its implications for conservation. Biochem Syst Ecol 50: 51–61.
  • Rodríguez-Sánchez F, Hampe A, Jordano P, Arroyo J (2010). Past tree range dynamics in the Iberian Peninsula inferred through phylogeography and palaeodistribution modelling: a review. Rev Palaeobot Palyno 162: 507–521.
  • Rosselló JA, Lazaro A, Cosín R, Molins A (2007). A phylogeographic split in Buxusbalearica (Buxaceae) as evidenced by nuclear ribosomal markers: when ITS paralogues are welcome. J Mol Evol 64: 143–157.
  • Sadori L, Jahns S, Peyron O (2011). Mid-Holocene vegetation history of the central Mediterranean. The Holocene 21: 117–129.
  • Salleo S, Lo Gullo MA (1990). Sclerophylly and plant water relations in three Mediterranean Quercus species. Ann Bot 65: 259–270.
  • Savesen PH, Kanz B, Moe D (2009). Historical cultivars of Buxus sempervirens L. revealed in a preserved 17th century garden by biometry and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Eur J Hortic Sci 74: 130–136.
  • Schneider S, Roessli D, Excoffier L (2000). Arlequin: a software for population genetic data. Geneva, Switzerland: Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, University of Geneva.Schönswetter P, Stehlik I, Holderegger R, Tribsch A (2005). Molecular evidence for glacial refugia of mountain plants in the European Alps. Mol Ecol 14: 3547–3555.
  • Schulze ED (1982). Plant life forms and their carbon, water and nutrient relations. In: Lange OL, Nobel PS, Osmond CB, Ziegler H, editors. Physiological Plant Ecology. II. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, vol. 12B. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
  • Selvi F (2007). Diversity, geographic variation and conservation of the serpentine flora of Tuscany (Italy). Biodivers Conserv 16: 1423–1439.
  • Shannon CE, Weaver W (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana, IL, USA: University of Illinois Press.
  • Sutkowska A, Pasierbiński A, Warzecha T, Mitka J (2014). Multiple cryptic refugia of forest grass Bromus benekenii in Europe as revealed by ISSR fingerprinting and species distribution modelling. Plant Syst Evol 300: 1437–1452.
  • Tivang JG, Nienhuis J, Smith OS (1994). Estimation of sampling variance of molecular marker data using the bootstrap procedure. Theor Appl Genet 89: 259–264.
  • Viti M, Mantovani E, Babbucci D, Tamburelli C (2009). Generation of trench-arc-back arc systems in the western Mediterranean region driven by plate convergence. Ital J Geosci 128: 89–106.
  • Wang X, Liu N, Ji K (2012). Molecular evolutional characteristics of the plant ITS sequences in Buxus genus. Tree Genet Mol Breeding 2: 8–14.
  • Weir BS, Cockerham CC (1984). Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution 38: 1358–1370.
  • Yll EI, Perez-Obiol R, Pantaleon-Cano J, Roure JM (1997). Palynological evidence for climatic change and human activity during the Holocene on Minorca (Balearic islands). Quaternary Res 48: 339–347.
  • Zietkiewicz E, Rafalski A, Labuda D (1994). Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification. Genomics 20: 176–183.