Toxicities of diuron and irgarol on the hatchability and early stage development of Artemia salina

Booster biocides are widely used in antifouling paints as bioactive agents against fouling organisms. In previously published reports, acute toxicity tests on Artemia salina (Linnaeus, 1758) were only focused on a part of the life cycle of the organism. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicities of diuron and irgarol on the hatching stage of A. salina. According to the results, diuron significantly decreased the hatching percentage of A. salina cysts and prevented the hatching of larvae. The EC50 value for diuron was found as 12.01 mg/L. On the other hand, irgarol had no effect on the hatching percentage and did not change the morphology of larvae. Molecular docking experiments showed that diuron could be a potential hatching enzyme inhibitor. In conclusion, toxicities of booster biocides should be tested not only on active nauplii but also at their hatching stage since diuron significantly decreased the hatching percentage of A. salina in the present study.

Toxicities of diuron and irgarol on the hatchability and early stage development of Artemia salina

Booster biocides are widely used in antifouling paints as bioactive agents against fouling organisms. In previously published reports, acute toxicity tests on Artemia salina (Linnaeus, 1758) were only focused on a part of the life cycle of the organism. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicities of diuron and irgarol on the hatching stage of A. salina. According to the results, diuron significantly decreased the hatching percentage of A. salina cysts and prevented the hatching of larvae. The EC50 value for diuron was found as 12.01 mg/L. On the other hand, irgarol had no effect on the hatching percentage and did not change the morphology of larvae. Molecular docking experiments showed that diuron could be a potential hatching enzyme inhibitor. In conclusion, toxicities of booster biocides should be tested not only on active nauplii but also at their hatching stage since diuron significantly decreased the hatching percentage of A. salina in the present study.

___

  • Wahl M. Marine epibiosis. I. Fouling and antifouling: some basic aspects. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 58: 175–189, 1989.
  • Clare AS. Marine natural product antifoulants: status and potential. Biofouling 9: 211–229, 1996.
  • Omae I. Organotin antifouling paints and their alternatives. Appl Organomet Chem 17: 81–105, 2003.
  • Castrisi-Catharios J, Bourdaniotis N, Persoone G. A new simple method with high precision for determining the toxicity of antifouling paints on brine shrimp larvae (Artemia): First results. Chemosphere 67: 1127–1132, 2007.
  • Voulvoulis N, Scrimshaw MD, Lester JN. Alternative antifouling biocides. Appl Organomet Chem 13: 135–143, 19 Voulvoulis N, Scrimshaw MD, Lester JN. Comparative environmental assessment of biocides used in antifouling paints. Chemosphere 47: 789–795, 2002.
  • Thomas KV. The environmental fate and behaviour of antifouling paint booster biocides: a review. Biofouling 17: 73–86, 2001.
  • Konstantinou IK, Albanis TA. Worldwide occurrence and effects of antifouling paint booster biocides in the aquatic environment: a review. Environ Int 30: 235–248, 2004.
  • Kem I. Ecotoxicological evaluation of the antifouling compound 2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(cyclopropylamino)-6(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine, Irgarol, Supplement 2 – Aquatic (algae) and higher plant tests. National Chemicals Inspectorate. Solna, Sweden; 1994.
  • Lama KH, Caib Z, Waia HY et al. Identification of a new Irgarol-1051 related s-triazine species in coastal waters. Environ Pollut 136: 221–230, 2005.
  • Moreland DE. Mechanisms of action of herbicides. Annu Rev Plant Physio 31: 597–638, 1980.
  • Ciba Geigy. Irgarol 1051 material safety data sheet 6389501. Ciba Geigy Additives Division. Basel, Switzerland; 1995.
  • Basheer C, Tan KS, Lee HK. Organotin and Irgarol 1051 contamination in Singapore coastal waters. Mar Pollut Bull 44: 697–703, 2002.
  • Boxall ABA, Comber SD, Conrad AU et al. Inputs, monitoring and fate modeling of antifouling biocides in UK estuaries. Mar Pollut Bull 40: 898–905, 2000.
  • Tischer W, Strotmann H. Relationship between inhibitor binding of chloroplasts and inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport. Biochim Biophys Acta 460: 113–125, 1977.
  • Jones R. The ecotoxicological effects of Photosystem II herbicides on corals. Mar Pollut Bull 51: 495–506, 2005.
  • Thomas KV, McHugh M, Hilton M et al. Increased persistence of antifouling paint biocides when associated with paint particles. Environ Pollut 123: 153–161, 2003.
  • Lamoree MH, Swart SP, van der Horst A et al. Determination of diuron and the antifouling paint biocide Irgarol 1051 in Dutch marinas and coastal waters. J Chromatogr A 970: 183– 190, 2002.
  • Advisory Committee on Pesticides. Minutes of the 278th Meeting of the Advisory Committee on Pesticides. ACP, Health and Safety Executive. Merseyside, UK; 2000.
  • Chesworth JC, Donkin ME, Brown MT. The interactive effects of the antifouling herbicides Irgarol 1051 and Diuron on the seagrass Zostera marina (L.). Aquat Toxicol 66: 293–305, 2004.
  • Bartolomé MC, Sánchez-Fortşn S. Effects of selected biocides used in the disinfection of cooling towers on toxicity and bioaccumulation in Artemia larvae. Environ Toxicol Chem 24: 3137–3142, 2005.
  • Katranitsas A, Castritsi-Catharios J, Persoone G. The effects of a copper-based antifouling paint on mortality and enzymatic activity of a non-target marine organism. Mar Pollut Bull 46: 1491–1494, 2003.
  • Koutsaftis A, Aoyama I. Toxicity of four antifouling biocides and their mixtures on the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Sci Total Environ 387: 166–174, 2007.
  • Koutsaftis A, Aoyama I. Toxicity of Diuron and copper pyrithione on the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana: the effects of temperature and salinity. J Environ Sci Heal A 43: 1581–1585, 2008.
  • Löschau M, Krätke R. Efficacy and toxicity of self-polishing biocide-free antifouling paints. Environ Pollut 138: 260–267, 200 Okamura H, Aoyama I, Liu D et al. Fate and ecotoxicity of the new antifouling compound Irgarol 1051 in the aquatic environment. Water Res 34: 3523–3530, 2000.
  • Panagoula B, Panayiota M, Iliopoulou-Georgudaki J. Acute toxicity of TBT and irgarol in Artemia salina. Int J Toxicol 21: 231–233, 2002.
  • Barahona MV, Sánchez-Fortşn S. Toxicity of carbamates to the brine shrimp Artemia salina and the effect of atropine, BW284c51, iso-OMPA and 2-PAM on carbaryl toxicity. Environ Pollut 104: 469–476, 1999.
  • Nunes BS, Carvalho FD, Guilhermino LM et al. Use of the genus Artemia in ecotoxicity testing. Environ Pollut 144: 453– 462, 2006.
  • Bellas J. Comparative toxicity of alternative antifouling biocides on embryos and larvae of marine invertebrates. Sci Total Environ 367: 573–585, 2006.
  • Faria M, López MA, Fernández-Sanjuan M et al. Comparative toxicity of single and combined mixtures of selected pollutants among larval stages of the native freshwater mussels (Unio elongatulus) and the invasive zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Sci Total Environ 408: 2452–2458, 2010.
  • Perina FC, Abessa DMS, Pinho GLL et al. Comparative toxicity of antifouling compounds on the development of sea urchin. Ecotoxicology 20: 1870–1880, 2011.
  • Tsunemasa N, Okamura H. Effects of organotin alternative antifoulants on oyster embryo. Arch Environ Con Tox 61: 128–134, 2011.
  • Wang H, Li Y, Huang H et al. Toxicity evaluation of single and mixed antifouling biocides using the Strongylocentrotus intermedius sea urchin embryo test. Environ Toxicol Chem 30: 692–703, 2011.
  • May A, Zacharias M. Accounting for global protein deformability during protein-protein and protein-ligand docking. BBA-Proteins Proteom 1754: 225–231, 2005.
  • Maldonado-Rojas W, Olivero-Verbel J. Potential interaction of natural dietary bioactive compound with COX-2. J Mol Graph Model 30: 157–166, 2011.
  • Finney DJ. Probit Analysis. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK; 1971.
  • Fan T, Wang J, Yuan W et al. Purification and characterization of hatching enzyme from brine shrimp Artemia salina. Acta Bioch Bioph Sin 42: 165–171, 2010.
  • Canutescu AA, Dunbrack RL. MollDE: a homology modeling framework you can click with. Bioinformatics 21: 2914–2916, 200
  • Krivov GG, Shapovalov MV, Dunbrack RL. Improved prediction of protein side-chain conformations with SCWRL4. Proteins 77: 778–795, 2009.
  • Wang Q, Canutescu AA, Dunbrack RL. SCWRL and MolIDE: Computer programs for side-chain conformation prediction and homology modeling. Nat Protoc 3: 1832–1847, 2008.
  • BioSolveIT GmbH. LeadIT v2.0.2. BioSolveIT GmbH. Sankt Augustin, Germany. Available at http://www.biosolveit.de/ LeadIT, accessed 20 February 2012.
  • Stierand K, Maaß P, Rarey M. Molecular complexes at a glance: automated generation of two-dimensional complex diagrams. Bioinformatics 22: 1710–1716, 2006.
  • Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schäffer AA et al. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 25: 3389–3402, 1997.
  • Marchler-Bauer A, Lu S, Anderson JB et al. CDD: a Conserved Domain Database for the functional annotation of proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 39: D225–229, 2011.
  • Brix K, Gerdes R, Adams W et al. Effects of copper, cadmium, and zinc on the hatching success of brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana). Arch Environ Con Tox 51: 580–583, 2006.
  • Caldwell GS, Bentley MG, Olive PJW. The use of a brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassay to assess the toxicity of diatom extracts and short chain aldehydes. Toxicon 42: 301–306, 2003.
  • Goujon M, McWilliam H, Li W et al. A new bioinformatics analysis tools framework at EMBL-EBI. Nucleic Acids Res 38: W695–699, 2010.
  • Sievers F, Wilm A, Dineen D et al. Fast, scalable generation of high-quality protein multiple sequence alignments using Clustal Omega. Mol Syst Biol 7: 539, 2011.
  • Li BJ, Fan TJ, Yang LL et al. Purification and characterization of hatching enzyme from shrimp Penaeus chinensis. Arch Biochem Biophys 451: 188–193, 2006.
Turkish Journal of Biology-Cover
  • ISSN: 1300-0152
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 6 Sayı
  • Yayıncı: TÜBİTAK
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Toxicities of diuron and irgarol on the hatchability and early stage development of Artemia salina

Hakan ALYÜRÜK, Levent ÇAVAŞ

An ethnobotanical survey in selected towns of the Mediterranean subregion (Turkey)

Galip AKAYDIN, İşıl ŞİMŞEK, Zekiye Ceren ARITULUK, Erdem YEŞİLADA

Improved salt tolerance of jute plants expressing the katE gene from Escherichia coli

Md. Shahidul ISLAM, Muhammad Shafiul AZAM, Sazia SHARMIN, Abu Ashfaqur SAJIB, Md. Maksudul ALAM, Md. Shamim REZA, Rajib AHMED, Haseena KHAN

PCR screening for the surfactin (sfp) gene in marine Bacillus strains and its molecular characterization from Bacillus tequilensis NIOS11

Seema POROB, Sagar NAYAK, Areena FERNANDES, Priyanka PADMANABHAN

Evaluation of anti-Plasmodium berghei activity of crude and column fractions of extracts from Withania somnifera

Zerihun Teklemariam DAME, Beyene PETROS, Yalemtsehay MEKONNEN

First records and microgeographical variations of culturable heterotrophic bacteria in an inner sea (the Sea of Marmara) between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, Turkey

Gülşen ALTUĞ, Mine ÇARDAK, Pelin Saliha ÇİFTÇİ, Sevan GÜRÜN

Partial purification and characterization of cellulases from digestive tracts of the African giant snail (Achatina achatina)

Paul Chijioke OZIOKO, Sabinus Oscar Onyebuchi EZE, Ferdinand Chiemeka CHILAKA

Concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate used in occlusion body extraction affects Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus biological activity

Hilal SUSURLUK, Umut TOPRAK, Mehmet Oktay GÜRKAN

Effect of nitrogen supply on the C/N balance in the lichen Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach.

Silvana MUNZI, Tommaso PISANI, Luca PAOLI, Monia RENZI, Stefano LOPPI

Memory-enhancing effects of the leptin hormone in Wistar albino rats: sex and generation differences

Alper KARAKAŞ, Hamit COŞKUN, Fevziye Umut KIZILKAYA