Behrokh SHAJOE, Akbar MOSTAJERAN, Mustafa GHANNADIAN

Flavonoid dynamic responses to different drought conditions: amount, type, and localization of flavonols in roots and shoots of Arabidopsis thaliana L.

Flavonoids accumulate in plants in response to water deficit. Changes in amount, type, and localization of flavonoids under different drought conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana have not been well investigated. Therefore, in this study flavonoid patterns were investigated under water potentials of -0.2, -0.5, and -0.9 MPa at 0, 24, 48, 120, and 192 h after drought induction. Determination of amount and type of flavonoids was performed by HPLC and spectroscopy. In addition, localization of flavonoids was detected by DPBA staining and a fluorescent microscope. Only quercetin and kaempferol were detected in hydrolyzed extracts of roots and shoots. The maximum amounts of the above-mentioned flavonols were detected under severe drought stress. Under all drought conditions, there was more kaempferol than quercetin. Moreover, amounts of both flavonols and total flavonoids were greater in roots than in shoots. Different fluorescence intensities of the flavonoid-DPBA complex were observed in all seedlings from shoots to root tips. The results of this study suggest that flavonoid responses of Arabidopsis to drought stress are dynamic, and intensity and duration of drought stress could play a key role in determination of type, amount, and localization of flavonoids in response to different levels of water deficit.

PDF

___

Akıncı Ş, Lösel DM (2012). Plant water-stress response mechanisms. In: Rahman IMM, editor. Water Stress. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, pp. 15–42.
Amić D, Davidović-Amić D, Bešlo D, Trinajstić N (2003). Structure-radical scavenging activity relationships of flavonoids. Croat Chem Acta 76: 55–61.
Boguszewska D, Zagdańska B (2012). ROS as signaling molecules and enzymes of plant response to unfavorable environmental conditions. In: Lushchak V, editor. Oxidative Stress-Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, pp. 341–362.
Braidot E, Zancani M, Petrussa E, Peresson C, Bertolini A, Patui S, Macrì F, Vianello A (2008). Transport and accumulation of flavonoids in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Plant Signal Behav 3: 626–632.
Brunetti C, Ferdinando MD, Fini A, Pollastri S, Tattini M (2013). Flavonoids as antioxidants and developmental regulators: relative significance in plants and humans. Int J Mol Sci 14: 3540–3555.
Brown DE, Rashotte AM, Murphy AS, Normanly J, Tague BW, Peer WA, Taiz L, Muday GK (2001). Flavonoids act as negative regulators of auxin transport in vivo in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 126: 524–535.
Buer CS, Imin N, Djordjevic MA (2010). Flavonoids: new roles for old molecules. J Integr Plant Biol 52: 98–111.
Buer CS, Kordbacheh F, Truong TT, Hocart CH, Djordjevic MA (2013). Alteration of flavonoid accumulation patterns in transparent testa mutants disturbs auxin transport, gravity responses, and imparts long-term effects on root and shoot architecture. Planta 238: 171–189.
Buer CS, Muday GK, Djordjevic MA (2007). Flavonoids are differentially taken up and transported long distances in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 145: 478–490.
Comstock JP (2002). Hydraulic and chemical signalling in the control of stomatal conductance and transpiration. J Exp Bot 53: 195–200.
de Carvalho MHC (2008). Drought stress and reactive oxygen species. Plant Signal Behav 3: 156–165.
Farooq M, Wahid A, Kobayashi N, Fujita D, Basra SMA (2009). Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agron Sustain Dev 29: 185–212.
Ferreyra MLF, Rius SP, Casati P (2012). Flavonoids: biosynthesis, biological functions, and biotechnological applications. Front Plant Sci 3: 222. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00222.
Han RM, Zhang JP, Skibsted LH (2012). Reaction dynamics of flavonoids and carotenoids as antioxidants. Molecules 17: 2140–2160.
Hernández I, Alegre L, Munné-Bosch S (2004). Drought-induced changes in flavonoids and other low molecular weight antioxidants in Cistus clusii grown under Mediterranean field conditions. Tree Physiol 24: 1303–1311.
Jones P, Vogt T (2001). Glycosyltransferases in secondary plant metabolism: tranquilizers and stimulant controllers. Planta 213: 164–174.
Karuppanapandian T, Moon JC, Kim C, Manoharan K, Kim W (2011). Reactive oxygen species in plants: their generation, signal transduction, and scavenging mechanisms. Aust J Crop Sci 5: 709–725.
Kavas M, Baloğlu MC, Akça O, Köse FS, Gökçay D (2013). Effect of drought stress on oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activity in melon seedlings. Turk J Biol 37: 491–498.
Khan MAM, Ulrichs C, Mewis I (2011). Effect of water stress and aphid herbivory on flavonoids in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck). J Appl Bot Food Qual 84: 178–182.
Mahajan M, Kumar V, Yadav SK (2011). Effect of flavonoid-mediated free IAA regulation on growth and development of in vitro-grown tobacco seedlings. Int J Plant Dev Biol 5: 42–48.
Misyura M, Colasanti J, Rothstein SJ (2012). Physiological and genetic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana anthocyanin biosynthesis mutants under chronic adverse environmental conditions. J Exp Bot 64: 229–240.
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bio-assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plantarum 15: 473–497.
Murphy A, Peer WA Taiz L (2000). Regulation of auxin transport by aminopeptidases and endogenous flavonoids. Planta 211: 315–324.
Nakabayashi R, Yonekura‐Sakakibara K, Urano K, Suzuki M, Yamada Y, Nishizawa T, Matsuda F, Kojima M, Sakakibara H, Shinozaki K et al. (2014). Enhancement of oxidative and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis by overaccumulation of antioxidant flavonoids. Plant J 77: 367–379.
Peer WA, Blakeslee JJ, Yang H, Murphy AS (2011). Seven things we think we know about auxin transport. Molecular Plant 4: 487–504.
Peer WA, Brown DE, Tague BW, Muday GK, Taiz L, Murphy AS (2001). Flavonoid accumulation patterns of transparent testa mutants of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 126: 536–548.
Pękal A, Pyrzynska K (2014). Evaluation of aluminium complexation reaction for flavonoid content assay. Food Anal Method 7: 1776–1782.
Petrussa E, Braidot E, Zancani M, Peresson C, Bertolini A, Patui S, Vianello A (2013). Plant flavonoids biosynthesis, transport and involvement in stress responses. Int J Mol Sci 14: 14950–14973.
Ryan KG, Swinny EE, Markham KR, Winefield C (2002). Flavonoid gene expression and UV photoprotection in transgenic and mutant Petunia leaves. Phytochemistry 59: 23–32.
Santelia D, Henrichs S, Vincenzetti V, Sauer M, Bigler L, Klein M, Bailly A, Lee Y, Friml J, Geisler M et al. (2008). Flavonoids redirect PIN-mediated polar auxin fluxes during root gravitropic responses. J Biol Chem 283: 31218–31226.
Saslowsky D, Winkel-Shirley B (2001). Localization of flavonoid enzymes in Arabidopsis roots. Plant J 27: 37–48.
Shimazaki Y, Ookawa T, Hirasawa T (2005). The root tip and accelerating region suppress elongation of the decelerating region without any effects on cell turgor in primary roots of maize under water stress. Plant Physiol 139: 458–465.
Shojaie B, Mostajeran A, Esmaeili A (2015). Different drought conditions could modulate growth responses of Arabidopsis thaliana through regulation of mRNA expression of genes encoding plasma membrane PIN proteins. Int J Adv Res Biol Sci 2: 241–254.
Solecka D (1997). Role of phenylpropanoid compounds in plant responses to different stress factors. Acta Physiol Plant 19: 257–268.
Tattini M, Galardi C, Pinelli P, Massai R, Remorini D, Agati G (2004). Differential accumulation of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamates in leaves of Ligustrum vulgare under excess light and drought stress. New Phytol 163: 547–561.
Treutter D (2006). Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance: a review. Environ Chem Lett 4: 147–157.
Tsao R (2010). Chemistry and biochemistry of dietary polyphenols. Nutrients 2: 1231–1246.
Wei H, Li L, Yan X, Wang Y (2013). Effects of soil drought stress on the accumulation of alkaloids and flavonoids in motherwort. Advances in Information Sciences and Service Sciences 15: 795–803.
Winkel-Shirley B (2001). Flavonoid biosynthesis. A colorful model for genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, and biotechnology. Plant Physiol 126: 485–493.
Winkel-Shirley B (2002). Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. Curr Opin Plant Biol 5: 218–223.
Xoconostle-Cázares B, Ramírez-Ortega FA, Flores-Elenes L, Ruiz-Medrano R (2010). Drought tolerance in crop plants. Am J Plant Physiol 5: 241–256.
Yamaguchi M, Valliyodan B, Zhang J, Lenoble ME, Yu O, Rogers EE, Nguyen HT, Sharp RE (2010). Regulation of growth response to water stress in the soybean primary root. I. Proteomic analysis reveals region‐specific regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism and control of free iron in the elongation zone. Plant Cell Environ 33: 223–243.
Yang Y, He F, Yu L, Chen X, Lei J, Ji J (2007). Influence of drought on oxidative stress and flavonoid production in cell suspension culture of Glycyrrhiza inflata Batal. Z Naturforsch C Bio Sci 62: 410–416.
Yuan Y, Liu Y, Wu C, Chen S, Wang Z, Yang Z, Qin S, Huang L (2012). Water deficit affected flavonoid accumulation by regulating hormone metabolism in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi roots. PLOS ONE 7: e42946.