Taylan KÖSESAKAL, Vesile Selma ÜNLÜ, Oktay KÜLEN, Abdülrezzak MEMON, Bayram YÜKSEL

Evaluation of the phytoremediation capacity of Lemna minor L. in crude oil spiked cultures

Phytoremediation of freshwater contaminated with crude oil is a technology that can restore damaged freshwater areas. Lemna minor is a small vascular plant that reproduces rapidly, is sensitive to a wide variety of pollutants, and is easy to culture. This study aimed to evaluate the phytoremediation capacity of L. minor in crude oil spiked cultures. Cultivation was carried out for 7 days in a greenhouse with a natural photoperiod and in nutrient solutions containing 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3% crude oil. Extracts were analyzed using GC/MS and synchronous UV fluorescence spectroscopy. After a week of cultivation, the fresh weight of plants in the control medium increased by 117%. The presence of crude oil up to 0.5% v/v reduced growth as much as 50% relative to the control plants. C17/Pr and C18/Ph ratios decreased especially in the presence of 0.5% to 2% v/v crude oil in the growth media. In 0.5% oil concentrations, both unplanted control samples and plant samples contained no 1-4 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. However, at oil applications of 0.5% and 1%, the plant samples contained 5 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; their intensity was approximately two times lower than that of the unplanted control samples. It can be concluded that the biodegradation potential of L. minor strongly depends on the concentration of crude oil contaminants. Finally, the phytoremediative capacity of L. minor is only suitable for cleaning of freshwater resources containing small amounts of oil contaminants.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Crude oil, freshwater, pollution, growth inhibition, isoprenoids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Evaluation of the phytoremediation capacity of Lemna minor L. in crude oil spiked cultures

Keywords:

Crude oil, freshwater, pollution, growth inhibition, isoprenoids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,

PDF

___

Abbas O, Rébufa C, Dupuy N, Permanyer A, Kister J, Azevedo DA (2006). Application of chemometric methods to synchronous UV fluorescence spectra of petroleum oils. Fuel 85: 2653–2661.
Al-Baldawi IA, Abdullah SRS, Anuar N, Suja F, Mushrifah I (2015). Phytodegradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in diesel-contaminated water using Scirpus grossus. Ecol Eng 74: 463–473.
Barrutia O, Garbisu C, Epelde L, Sampedro MC, Goicolea MA, Becerril JM (2011). Plant tolerance to diesel minimizes its impact on soil microbial characteristics during rhizoremediation of diesel-contaminated soils. Sci Total Environ 409: 4087–4093.
Coronado-Posada N, Cabarcas-Montalvo M, Olivero-Verbel J (2013). Phytotoxicity assessment of a methanolic coal dust extract in Lemna minor. Ecotox Environ Safe 95: 27–32.
Dordio AV, Carvalho AJP (2013). Organic xenobiotics removal in constructed wetlands, with emphasis on the importance of the support matrix. J Hazard Mater 252–253: 272–292.
Jampeetong A, Brix H (2009). Effects of NH4+ concentration on growth, morphology, and NH4+ uptake kinetics of Salvinia natans. Ecol Eng 35: 695–702.
Kennicutt II MC (1988). The effect of biodegradation on crude oil bulk and molecular composition. Oil Chem Pollut 4: 89–112.
Kigigha LT, Underwood GJC (2009). Degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon in the wetlands by estuarine biofilms. Asian J Water Environ Pollut 6: 11–25.
Kister J, Pieri N, Álvarez R, Díez MA, Pis JJ (1996). Effects of preheat- ing and oxidation on two bituminous coals assessed by syn- chronous UV fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopy. Energy & Fuels 10: 948–957.
Law RJ (1981). Hydrocarbon concentrations in water and sediments from UK marinewaters, determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. Mar Pollut Bull 12: 153–157.
Lin Q, Mendelssohn IA (1998). The combined effects of phytoremediation and biostimulation in enhancing habitat restoration and oil degradation of petroleum contaminated wetlands. Ecol Eng 10: 263–274.
Lin Q, Mendelssohn IA (2009). Potential of restoration and phytoremediation with Juncus roemerianus for diesel- contaminated coastal wetlands. Ecol Eng 35: 85–91.
Liu X, Wang Z, Zhang X, Wang J, Xu G, Cao Z, Zhong C, Su P (2011). Degradation of diesel-originated pollutants in wetlands by Scirpus triqueter and microorganisms. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74: 1967–1972.
Lloyd JBF (1971). The nature and evidential value of the luminescence of automobile engine oils and related materials. I. Synchronous excitation of fluorescence emission. J Forensic Sci Society 11: 83–94.
Merkl N, Schultze-Kraft R, Infante C (2004). Phytoremediation in the tropics-the effect of crude oil on the growth of tropical plants. Biorem J 8: 177–184.
Moubasher HA, Hegazy AK, Mohamed NH, Moustafa YM, Kabiel HF, Hamad AA (2015). Phytoremediation of soils polluted with crude petroleum oil using Bassia scoparia and its associated rhizosphere microorganisms. Int Biodeter Biodegrad 98: 113– 120.
Ndimele PE, Ndimele CC (2013). Comparative effects of biostimulation and phytoremediation on crude oil degradation and absorption by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms). Int J Environ Studies. 70: 241–258.
Olajire AA, Altenburgerb R, Kqsterb E, Brack W (2005). Chemical and ecotoxicological assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon—contaminated sediments of the Niger Delta, Southern Nigeria. Sci Tot Environ 340: 123–136.
Pandey B, Fulekar MH (2012). Bioremediation technology: a new horizon for environmental clean-up. Biol Med 4: 51–59.
Park J-S, Brown MT, Han T (2012).Phenol toxicity to the aquatic macrophyte Lemna paucicostata. Aquat Toxicol 106–107: 182–188.
Reynoso-Cuevas L, Gallegos-Martínez ME, Cruz-Sosa F, Gutiérrez- Rojas M (2011). Phytoremediation and removal mechanisms in Bouteloua curtipendula growing in sterile hydrocarbon spiked cultures. Int J Phytoremediat 13: 613–625.
Rice PJ, Anderson TA, Coats JR (1997). Phytoremediation of herbicide-contaminated surface water with aquatic plants. In: Kruger EL, Anderson TA, Coats JR (Eds.), Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 133–151.
Sharifi M, Sadeghi Y, Akbarpour M (2007). Germination and growth of six plant species on contaminated soil with spent oil. Int J Environ Sci Technol 4: 463–470.
Suresh Kumar K, Han T (2010). Physiological response of Lemna species to herbicides and its probable use in toxicity testing. Toxicol Environ Health Sci 2: 39–49.
Venosa AD, Lee K, Suidan MT, Garcia-Blanco S, Cobanli S, Moteleb M, Haines JR, Tremblay G, Hazelwood M (2002). Bioremediation and biorestoration of a crude oil-contaminated freshwater wetland on the St. Lawrence River. Biorem J 6: 261– 281.
Wu N, Huang H, Zhang S, Zhu Y-G, Christie P, Zhang Y (2009). Phenanthrene uptake by Medicago sativa L. under the influence of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Environ Pollut 157: 1613–1618.
Xiao N, Liu R, Jin C, Dai Y (2015). Efficiency of five ornamental plant species in the phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soil. Ecol Eng 75: 384–391.
Zand AD, Bidhendi GN, Mehrdadi N (2010). Phytoremediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) using plant species in Iran. Turk J Agric For 34: 429–438.
Zezulka S, Kummerová M, Babula P, Vánová L (2013). Lemna minor exposed to fluoranthene: growth, biochemical, physiological, and histochemical changes. Aquat Toxicol 140–141: 37–47.