Murat AYDIN, Metin TOSUN, Kamil HILILOGLU, Arash HOSSEIN POUR

Effect of polyamines on somatic embryogenesis via mature embryo in wheat

Plant tissue culture via somatic embryogenesis plays a key role in wheat genetic transformation studies. Therefore, the production of embryogenic calli with a high regeneration capacity is a prerequisite for efficient plant regeneration. Although immature embryos are the best type of explants for plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis, the use of mature embryos has remarkable advantages compared to immature embryos as explants. However, the regeneration capacity of mature embryos is still lower than that of immature embryos. Plant regeneration from somatic embryos can only occur when they are mature enough. Moreover, the maturation of somatic embryos and their conversion into plantlets is closely associated with the used plant growth regulators. Polyamines are major components in the formation of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration. In this study, the effect of three types of polyamines on somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in wheat was evaluated. Although the effect of polyamines on embryogenic callus formation was not significant, their effect on responded embryogenic callus rate and plant regeneration efficiency was very significant. The highest responded embryogenic callus rate and highest regeneration efficiency were obtained on MS medium containing putrescine. Unlike other polyamines, an increase in putrescine concentration promoted a higher number of regenerated plants. The highest values for responded embryogenic callus and regeneration efficiency were determined in 1 mM concentration of putrescine. Plantlets derived from somatic embryos were successfully established in soil, producing fertile seeds.

PDF

___

Alcázar R, Cuevas JC, Patron M, Altabella T, Tiburcio AF (2006). Abscisic acid modulates polyamine metabolism under water stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiol Plant 128: 448-455.
Angoshtari R, Afshari RT, Kalantari S, Omidi M (2009). Effects of abscisic acid on somatic embryogenesis and induction of desiccation tolerance in Brassica napus. Asian J Plant Sci 8: 276-284.
Arbona V, Hossain Z, López‐Climent MF, Pérez‐Clemente RM, Gómez‐Cadenas A (2008). Antioxidant enzymatic activity is linked to waterlogging stress tolerance in citrus. Physiol Plant 132: 452-466.
Attree S, Moore D, Sawhney V, Fowke L (1991). Enhanced maturation and desiccation tolerance of white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] somatic embryos: effects of a non-plasmolysing water stress and abscisic acid. Ann Bot 68: 519-525.
Aydin M, Tosun M, Haliloglu K (2013). Plant regeneration in wheat mature embryo culture. Afr J Biotechnol 10: 15749-15755.
Bajaj S, Rajam MV (1996). Polyamine accumulation and near loss of morphogenesis in long-term callus cultures of rice (restoration of plant regeneration by manipulation of cellular polyamine levels). Plant Physiol 112: 1343-1348.
Basu S, Gangopadhyay G, Mukherjee BB, Gupta S (1997). Plant regeneration of salt adapted callus of indica rice (var. Basmati 370) in saline conditions. Plant Cell Tiss Org 50: 153-159.
Blackman SA, Obendorf RL, Leopold AC (1992). Maturation proteins and sugars in desiccation tolerance of developing soybean seeds. Plant Physiol 100: 225-230.
Bouiamrine E, Diouri M, El-Halimi R (2012). Assessment of somaclonal variation in regenerated plants from immature embryos culture of durum wheat. Int J Agric Biol 14: 941-946.
Chattopadhayay MK, Tiwari BS, Chattopadhyay G, Bose A, Sengupta DN, Ghosh B (2002). Protective role of exogenous polyamines on salinity‐stressed rice (Oryza sativa) plants. Physiol Plant 116: 192-199.
Chi GL, Lin WS, Lee JE, Pua EC (1994). Role of polyamines on de novo shoot morphogenesis from cotyledons of Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis (Lour) Olsson in vitro. Plant Cell Rep 13: 323-329.
Cohen SS (1998). A Guide to the Polyamines. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Debnath M, Malik C, Bisen P (2006). Micropropagation: a tool for the production of high quality plant-based medicines. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 7: 33-49.
De-la-Pena C, Galaz-Avalos RM, Loyola-Vargas VM (2008). Possible role of light and polyamines in the onset of somatic embryogenesis of Coffea canephora. Mol Biotechnol 39: 215-224.
Dewi IS, Purwoko BS (2008). Role of polyamines in inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis and their effects on rice anther culture development. Ind J Agr Sci 9: 60-67.
Dewi I, Purwoko B, Aswidinnoor H, Hanarida I (2001). Peningkatan regenerasi tanaman hijau pada kultur antera padi Taipei 309 dan persilangan Taipei 309 x Asemandi dengan poliamin. In: Prosiding Kongres IV dan Simposium Nasional Perhimpunan Ilmu Pemuliaan Indonesia (in Indonesian).
Ding L, Li S, Gao J, Wang Y, Yang G, He G (2009). Optimization of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation conditions in mature embryos of elite wheat. Mol Biol Rep 36: 29-36.
Fazeli-Nasab B, Omidi M, Amiritokaldani M (2012). Callus induction and plant regeneration of wheat mature embryos under abscisic acid treatment. Int J Agr Crop Sci 4: 17-23.
Galston AW (1983). Polyamines as modulators of plant development. Bioscience 33: 382-388.
Garcia-Martin G, Manzanera J, Gonzalez-Benito M (2005). Effect of exogenous ABA on embryo maturation and quantification of endogenous levels of ABA and IAA in Quercus suber somatic embryos. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 80: 171-177.
Gorecka K, Kiszczak W, Krzyzanowska D, Kowalska U, Kapuscinska A (2014). Effect of polyamines on in vitro anther cultures of carrot (Daucus carota L.). Turk J Biol 38: 593-600.
Ha HC, Sirisoma NS, Kuppusamy P, Zweier JL, Woster PM, Casero RA (1998). The natural polyamine spermine functions directly as a free radical scavenger. P Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 11140-11145.
Kaeppler S, Phillips R (1993). DNA methylation and tissue culture-induced variation in plants. In Vitro Cell Dev B 29: 125-130.
Kelley RY, Zipf AE, Wesenberg DE, Sharma GC (2002). Putrescine-enhanced somatic embryos and plant numbers from elite oat (Av e n a spp. L.) and reciprocal crosses. In Vitro Cell Dev Bt 38: 508-512.
Kevers C, Le Gal N, Monteiro M, Dommes J, Gaspar T (2000). Somatic embryogenesis of Panax ginseng in liquid cultures: a role for polyamines and their metabolic pathways. Plant Growth Regul 31: 209-214.
Malá J, Cvikrová M, Máchová P, Martincová O (2009). Polyamines during somatic embryo development in Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.]). J For Sci 55: 75-80.
Minocha R, Smith DR, Reeves C, Steele KD, Minocha SC (1999). Polyamine levels during the development of zygotic and somatic embryos of Pinus radiata. Physiol Plant 105: 155-164.
Minocha S, Minocha R (1995) Role of polyamines in somatic embryogenesis. In: Bajaj YPS, editor. Somatic Embryogenesis and Synthetic Seed I. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 53-70.
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15: 473-497.
Nayyar H, Chander S (2004). Protective effects of polyamines against oxidative stress induced by water and cold stress in chickpea. J Agron Crop Sci 190: 355-365.
Niemi K, Sarjala T, Chen X, Häggman H (2002). Spermidine and methylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone) affect maturation and endogenous polyamine content of Scots pine embryogenic cultures. J Plant Physiol 159: 1155-1158.
Noor S, Ali GM, Rashid U, Arshad M, Ali S, Zafar Y (2009). Optimization of callus induction and regeneration system for Pakistani wheat cultivars Kohsar and Khyber-87. Afr J Biotechnol 8: 5565-5569.
Patnaik D, Vishnudasan D, Khurana P (2006). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of mature embryos of Triticum aestivum and Tr iti c um durum. Curr Sci 91: 307-317.
Paul A, Mitter K, Raychaudhuri SS (2009). Effect of polyamines on in vitro somatic embryogenesis in Momordica charantia L. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 97: 303-311.
Sakhanokho HF, Ozias-Akins P, May OL, Chee PW (2005). Putrescine enhances somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in upland cotton. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 81: 91-95.
Santanen A, Simola LK (1992). Changes in polyamine metabolism during somatic embryogenesis in Picea abies. J Plant Physiol 140: 475-480.
SAS Institute (1996).SAS User's Guide: Statistics. 6th ed. Cary, NC, USA: SAS Institute.
Shepherd K, Dos Santos J (1996). Mitotic instability in banana varieties. I-Plants from callus and shoot tip cultures. Fruits 51: 5-11.
Thiruvengadam M, Rekha K, Kim E, Praveen N, Chung I (2013). Effect of exogenous polyamines enhances somatic embryogenesis via suspension cultures of spine gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb. ex. Willd.). Aus J Crop Sci 7: 446-453.
Wu XB, Wang J, Liu JH, Deng XX (2009). Involvement of polyamine biosynthesis in somatic embryogenesis of Valencia sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) induced by glycerol. J Plant Physiol 166: 52-62.
Xu N, Coulter KM, Bewley JD (1990). Abscisic acid and osmoticum prevent germination of developing alfalfa embryos, but only osmoticum maintains the synthesis of developmental proteins. Planta 182: 382-390.
Yiu JC, Juang LD, Fang DYT, Liu CW, Wu SJ (2009). Exogenous putrescine reduces flooding-induced oxidative damage by increasing the antioxidant properties of Welsh onion. Sci Hortic 120: 306-314.
Yu Y, Wang J, Zhu ML, Wei ZM (2008). Optimization of mature embryo‐based high frequency callus induction and plant regeneration from elite wheat cultivars grown in China. Plant Breed 127: 249-255.
Zeid I, Shedeed Z (2006). Response of alfalfa to putrescine treatment under drought stress. Biol Plant 50: 635-640.