Biological Screening of Vitis vinifera L. Leaf Fractions
The fractions of different polarity, namely chloroform, ethylacetate, n-butanol, and remaining water fractions, were fractionated from an aqueous extract of V. vinifera leaves. The antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant activities, and total phenolic content of these fractions were investigated. The chloroform fraction showed a promising effect against Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and Parainfluenza viruses (PIV). The results indicated that all the fractions were more pronounced against gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and E. faecalis) than against gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa). On the other hand, the fractions showed equal antifungal activity against the genus Candida (C. albicans and C. parapsilosis). Additionally, the antioxidative potential of different fractions of V. vinifera was evaluated using various antioxidant measurements, i.e. 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, metal chelating, and superoxide radical scavenging effects. The ethylacetate fraction possessed the highest antioxidant activities except in the case of iron chelation. On the other hand, the chloroform fraction showed the best performance in the iron chelation assay. In our study, the analysis of the relationship between the antioxidant activity of the fractions and their phenolic content showed a positive correlation coefficient. However, such a correlation was not found for the antimicrobial and antiviral properties. In conclusion, the data presented in the study demonstrated that CHCl3 Fr. produced significant activity against PIV and HSV-1. The results of the antiviral and antioxidant activities supported the utilization of V. vinifera leaves in folk medicine.
Biological Screening of Vitis vinifera L. Leaf Fractions
The fractions of different polarity, namely chloroform, ethylacetate, n-butanol, and remaining water fractions, were fractionated from an aqueous extract of V. vinifera leaves. The antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant activities, and total phenolic content of these fractions were investigated. The chloroform fraction showed a promising effect against Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and Parainfluenza viruses (PIV). The results indicated that all the fractions were more pronounced against gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and E. faecalis) than against gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa). On the other hand, the fractions showed equal antifungal activity against the genus Candida (C. albicans and C. parapsilosis). Additionally, the antioxidative potential of different fractions of V. vinifera was evaluated using various antioxidant measurements, i.e. 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, metal chelating, and superoxide radical scavenging effects. The ethylacetate fraction possessed the highest antioxidant activities except in the case of iron chelation. On the other hand, the chloroform fraction showed the best performance in the iron chelation assay. In our study, the analysis of the relationship between the antioxidant activity of the fractions and their phenolic content showed a positive correlation coefficient. However, such a correlation was not found for the antimicrobial and antiviral properties. In conclusion, the data presented in the study demonstrated that CHCl3 Fr. produced significant activity against PIV and HSV-1. The results of the antiviral and antioxidant activities supported the utilization of V. vinifera leaves in folk medicine.
___
- Orhan N, Aslan M, Deliorman Orhan D et al. In-vivo assessment of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of grapevine leaves (Vitis vinifera) in diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 108: 280-286, 2006.
- Felicio JD, Santos RS, Goncalez E. Chemical constituents from Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae). Arq Inst Biol 68: 47-50, 2001.
- Stahl E. Sugars and derivatives. In: Thin Layer Chromatography. Part II. 2nded. Springer Verlag. Berlin; 1967: pp. 807-834.
- Özcelik B, Deliorman Orhan D, Karaoglu T et al. Antimicrobial activities of various Cirsium hypoleucum extracts. Ann Microbiol 55: 51-54, 2005.
- Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensmittel-Wiss Technol 28: 25-30, 1995.
- Milliauskas G, Venskutonis PR, Van Beek TA. Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Food Chem 85: 231-237, 2004.
- Dinish TCP, Madeira VMC, Almeida LM. Action of phenolic derivatives (acetaminophen, salicylate and 5-aminosalycilate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scavengers. Arch Biochem Biophys 315: 161-169, 1994.
- Liu F, Ooi VFC, Chang ST. Free radical scavenging activity of mushroom polysaccharide extracts. Life Sci 60: 763-771, 1997.
- Adaramoye OA, Farombi EO, Adeyemi EO et al. Comparative study on the antioxidant properties of flavonoids of Garcinia kola seeds. Pak J Med Sci 21: 331-339, 2005.
- Gao X, Ohlander M, Jeppsson N et al. Changes in antioxidant effects and their relationship to phytonutrients in fruits of sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) during maturation. J Agric Food Chem 48: 1485-1490, 2000.
- Rajeshwar Y, Senthil Kumar GP, Gupta M et al. Studies on in vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) seeds. Eur Bull Drug Res 13: 31-39, 2005.
- Chang LW, Yen WJ, Huang SC, Duh PD. Antioxidant activity of sesame coat. Food Chem 78: 347-354, 2002.
- Halliwell B. Reactive oxygen species in living systems: source, biochemistry, and role in human disease. Am J Med 91: 14-22, 1991.
- Oskay M, Sarı D. Antimicrobial screening of some Turkish Medicinal plants. Pharm Biol 45: 176-181, 2007.
- Hutchinson DW. Metal chelators as potential antiviral agents. Antivir Res 5: 193-205, 1985.
- Kashiwada Y, Wang HK, Nagao T et al. Anti-AIDS agents, Anti- HIV activity of oleanolic acid, pomolic acid, and structurally related triterpenoids. J Nat Prod 61: 1090-1095, 1998.
- Kurokawa M, Basnet P, Ohsugi M et al. Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of moronic acid purified from Rhus javanica in vitro and in vivo. J Pharm Exp Ther 289: 72-78, 1999.
- Xu HX, Zeng FQ, Wan M et al. Anti-HIV triterpene acids from Geum japonicum. J Nat Prod 59: 643-645, 1996.
- Doshi P, Adsule P, Banerjee K. Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity in grapevine parts and berries (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Kishmish Chornyi (Sharad Seedless) during maturation. Int J Food Sci Technol 41: 1-9, 2006.