Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of an Aquatic Plant: Duckweed (Lemna minor L.)
Duckweed (Lemna minor L. Lemnaceae) is a widespread, free-floating aquatic macrophyte, a source of food for waterfowl and a shelter for small aquatic invertebrates. It grows quickly and reproduces faster than other vascular plants. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant, antiradical, antimicrobial, and anticandidal activities of duckweed using different in vitro methodologies. For evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical activities, 2,2´-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS.+) radical scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH.) free radical scavenging, total antioxidant activity by ferric thiocyanate, total reducing power by potassium ferricyanide reduction method, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and ferrous ions chelating activities were calculated. In addition, a-tocopherol and trolox (a water-soluble analogue of tocopherol), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were used as the reference antioxidant compounds. At the 45 mg mL-1 concentrations of lyophilized water extract (WELM) and ethanol extract (EELM), showed 100% and 94.2% inhibition, respectively, on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion. On the other hand, BHA, BHT, a-tocopherol, and trolox demonstrated inhibition of 92.2%, 99.6%, 84.6%, and 95.6%, respectively, on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at the same concentration. In addition, the total phenolics and flavonoids in WELM and EELM were determined as gallic acid and quercetin equivalents, respectively. Furthermore, an important goal of this study was to determine the inhibitory effects of WELM and EELM against 21 bacteria and 4 fungi yeast species by using the disk-diffusion method. In our results, it was observed that WELM and EELM had an antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus warneri, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter koseri, Neisseria lactamica, Neisseria sicca, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and an anticandidal effect against Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata. Consequently, this plant is a promising source of natural food antioxidants.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of an Aquatic Plant: Duckweed (Lemna minor L.)
Duckweed (Lemna minor L. Lemnaceae) is a widespread, free-floating aquatic macrophyte, a source of food for waterfowl and a shelter for small aquatic invertebrates. It grows quickly and reproduces faster than other vascular plants. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant, antiradical, antimicrobial, and anticandidal activities of duckweed using different in vitro methodologies. For evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical activities, 2,2´-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS.+) radical scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH.) free radical scavenging, total antioxidant activity by ferric thiocyanate, total reducing power by potassium ferricyanide reduction method, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and ferrous ions chelating activities were calculated. In addition, a-tocopherol and trolox (a water-soluble analogue of tocopherol), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were used as the reference antioxidant compounds. At the 45 mg mL-1 concentrations of lyophilized water extract (WELM) and ethanol extract (EELM), showed 100% and 94.2% inhibition, respectively, on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion. On the other hand, BHA, BHT, a-tocopherol, and trolox demonstrated inhibition of 92.2%, 99.6%, 84.6%, and 95.6%, respectively, on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at the same concentration. In addition, the total phenolics and flavonoids in WELM and EELM were determined as gallic acid and quercetin equivalents, respectively. Furthermore, an important goal of this study was to determine the inhibitory effects of WELM and EELM against 21 bacteria and 4 fungi yeast species by using the disk-diffusion method. In our results, it was observed that WELM and EELM had an antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus warneri, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter koseri, Neisseria lactamica, Neisseria sicca, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and an anticandidal effect against Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata. Consequently, this plant is a promising source of natural food antioxidants.
___
- Gülçin İ, Büyükokuroğlu ME, Oktay M et al. On the in vitro antioxidant properties of melatonin. J Pineal Res 33: 167-71, 2002.
- Oktay M, Gülçin İ, Küfrevioğlu Öİ. Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts. Lebensm Wiss Technol 36: 263-71, 2003.
- Gülçin İ, Beydemir Ş, Alici HA et al. In vitro antioxidant properties of morphine. Pharmacol Res 49: 59-66, 2004.
- Büyükokuroğlu ME, Gülçin İ, Oktay M et al. In vitro antioxidant properties of dantrolene sodium. Pharmacol Res 44: 491-5, 2001.
- Gülçin İ, Mshvildadze V, Gepdiremen A et al. Antioxidant activity of a triterpenoid glycoside isolated from the berries of Hedera colchica: 3-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-hederagenin. Phytother Res 20: 130-4, 2006.
- Lai LS, Chou ST, Chao WW. Studies on the antioxidative activities of Hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Hemsl) leaf gum. J Agr Food Chem 49: 963-8, 2001. Gülçin İ, Küfrevioğlu Öİ, Oktay M et al. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer and analgesic activities of nettle (Urtica dioica L.). J Ethnopharmacol 90: 205-15, 2004. Gülçin İ, Oktay M, Kireçci E et al. Screening of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts. Food Chem 83: 371-82, 2003.
- Slinkard K, Singleton VL. Total phenol analyses: Automation and comparison with manual methods. Am J Enol Viticult 28: 49-55, 1977.
- Park YK, Koo MH, Ikegaki M et al. Comparison of the flavonoid aglycone contents of Apis mellifera propolis from various regions of Brazil. Arquivos de Biologiae Technologia 40: 97-106, 1997.
- Mitsuda H, Yuasumoto K, Iwami K. Antioxidation action of indole compounds during the autoxidation of linoleic acid. Eiyo to Shokuryo 19: 210-4, 1996.
- Gülçin İ. Antioxidant and antiradical activities of L-Carnitine. Life Sci 78: 803-11, 2006.
- Gülçin İ. In vitro prooxidant effect of caffeine. J Enzym Inhib Med Chem 23: 149-52, 2008.
- Oyaizu M. Studies on product of browning reaction prepared from glucose amine. Jpn J Nut 44: 307-15, 1986.
- Dinis TCP, Madeira VMC, Almeida LM. Action of phenolic derivates (acetoaminophen, salycilate, and 5-aminosalycilate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scavengers. Arch Biochem Biophys 315: 161-9, 1994.
- Gülçin İ, Mshvildadze V, Gepdiremen A et al. Screening of antioxidant and antiradical activity of monodesmosides and crude extract from Leontice smirnowii Tuber. Phytomedicine 13: 343-51, 2006. Köksal E, Gülçin İ. Antioxidant activity of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.). Turk J Agric For 32: 65-78, 2008.
- Ruch RJ, Cheng SJ, Klaunig JE. Prevention of cytotoxicity and inhibition of intracellular communication by antioxidant catechins isolated from Chinese green tea. Carcinogenesis 10: 1003-8, 1989.
- Gülçin İ, Beydemir Ş, Şat İG et al. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.). Acta Aliment Hung 34: 193-202, 2005. Elmastaş M, Gülçin İ, Beydemir Ş et al. A study on the in vitro antioxidant activity of juniper (Juniperus communis L.) seeds extracts. Anal Lett 39: 47-65, 2006.
- Gülçin İ, Elmastas M, Aboul-Enein HY. Determination of antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of basil (Ocimum basilicum) assayed by different methodologies. Phytother Res 21: 354-61, 2007.
- Blois MS. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 26: 1199-200, 1958.
- Gülçin İ, Elias R, Gepdiremen A et al. Antioxidant activity of lignans from fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus L.). Eur Food Res Technol 223: 759-67, 2006.
- Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A et al. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Bio Med 26: 1231-7, 1999.
- Gülçin İ. Comparison of in vitro antioxidant and antiradical activities of L-tyrosine and L-Dopa. Amino Acids 32: 431-8, 2006.
- Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. The determination of flavonoid contents on mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radical. Food Chem 64: 555-9, 1999.
- Gülçin İ, Mshvildadze V, Gepdiremen A et al. Antioxidant activity of saponins isolated from ivy: a-Hederin, hederasaponin-C, hederacolchiside-E and hederacolchiside F. Planta Med 70: 561-3, 2004.
- Gülçin İ, Daştan A. Synthesis of dimeric phenol derivatives and determination of in vitro antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. J Enzym Inhib Med Chem 22: 685-95, 2007.
- Quinn PJ, Carter MF, Markey B, Carter GR. Clinical Veterinary Microbiology, 1st ed., Wolfe Publishing. London. pp. 21-66, 1994.
- Delhalle L, Saegerman C, Farnir F et al. Salmonella surveillance and control at post-harvest in the Belgian pork meat chain. Food Microbiol 26: 265-271, 2009.
- Gülçin İ, Tel AZ, Kirecci E. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal and antiradical activities of Cyclotrichium niveum (Boiss.) Manden and Scheng. Int J Food Propert 11: 450-71, 2008.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2006. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 16th informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S16. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA. Hsieh RJ, Kinsella JE. Oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids: Mechanisms, products, and inhibition with emphasis on fish. Adv Food Nut Res 33: 233-41, 1989. Yang JH, Lin HC, Mau JL. Antioxidant properties of several commercial mushrooms. Food Chem 77: 229-35, 2002.
- Ak T, Gülçin İ. Antioxidant and radical scavenging properties of curcumin. Chem Biol Interact 174: 27-37, 2008.
- Köksal E, Gülçin İ, Öztürk Sarıkaya SB et al. On the in vitro antioxidant activity of silymarin. J Enzym Inhib Med Chem 24: 395-405, 2008. Gülçin İ. Antioxidant activity of L-Adrenaline: An activity- structure insight. Chem Biol Interact 179: 71-80, 2009.