The effects of sewage sludge applications on the yield, growth, nutrition and heavy metal accumulation in apple trees growing in dry conditions

Bu araştırmada elma ağaçlarında meyve verimine, gelişimine, beslenme durumuna ve ağır metal birikimine arıtma çamuru ve ahır gübresi uygulamalarının etkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırma tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre 4 tekrarlamalı olarak 2000 ve 2001 yıllarında Van kuru koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Arıtma çamuru 0, 10, 20, 40 ve 60 kg kg/ağaç, ahır gübresi 25 kg/ağaç düzeyinde deneme toprağına uygulanmıştır, iki yıllık araştırma sonuçlarına göre, kireçli toprağa arıtma çamuru ilavesi meyve verimi, kümulatif verim etkinliği, sürgün gelişimi ve elma yapraklarının N, Mg, Fe, Mn ve Zn konsantrasyonlarını önemli düzeyde artırmıştır. Bu artışlar genel olarak, ahır gübresi uygulamasında daha düşük bulunmuştur. Arıtma çamuru ve ahır gübresi uygulamaları ağaç gövde gelişimi ve yaprak P, K, Ca, Ni, Cr, Cd konsantrasyonlarında istatistiksel olarak önemli bir değişikliğe neden olmamıştır. En yüksek arıtma çamuru dozunda yaprak Fe, Mn ve Zn konsantrasyonları sırasıyla 88.0'dan 105.3'e, 44.2'den 75.5'e ve 9.2'den 10.4 mg kg~1 düzeylerine ulaşmıştır. Bu sonuçlar denenen arıtma çamuru dozlarının elma ağaçlarında taksite oluşturmadığını göstermektedir. Buna karşılık, uzun dönem arıtma çamuru kullanılması bazı ağır metallerin toprakta birikimine ve maksimum izin verilen sınırların üzerinde bitkilerde bulunmasına neden olabilir.

Kuru koşullarda arıtma çamuru uygulamalarının elma ağaçlarının verim, büyüme, beslenme satatüsü ve ağır metal birikimine etkileri

The effects of various sewage sludge (biosolid) rates and a single dose barnyard manure application on the fruit yield, growth, nutrition and heavy metal accumulation of apple trees were investigated. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with 4 replicates in dry conditions in Van, in the East Anatolia region of Turkey in 2000 and 2001. Sewage sludge was added to the soil at the rates of 0, 10, 20, 40 and 60 kg tree~1. Barnyard manure was applied to the soil at a rate of 25 kg tree'1. Two years' data showed that the addition of sewage sludge to calcareous soil significantly increased fruit yield, cumulative yield efficiency, shoot growth and leaf N, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations at the end of the study. These increases were generally lower with barnyard manure applications. The sewage sludge and manure applications did not cause any significant increase in tree trunk girth and P, K, Ca, Ni, Cr and Cd concentrations in leaf samples. Leaf Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations increased at the highest sludge rate from 88.0 to 105.3, from 44.2 to 75.5 and from 9İ2 to 10.4 mg kg~1, respectively. The 2-year results of this study demonstrated that sewage sludge applied to apple trees did not cause toxicity in the leaves. However, long-term sewage sludge application may result in the accumulation of some heavy metals in the soil and their entry into plants in quantities above the maximum permitted concentrations.

PDF

___

Aggelides, S.M. and P.A. Londra, 2000. Effect of compost produced from town wastes and sewage sludge on the physical properties of a loamy and a clay soil. Bioresource Technology. 71: 253-259.
Anaç, D., H. Hakerlerler and M.E. İrget, 1993. Yağ fabrikası arıtma tesisi atıklarının zeytinliklerde organik gübre alternatifi olarak kullanılması. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 30: 25-32.
Awad, F., L. Kahl, R. Kluge and J. Abadia, 1995. Environmental aspects of sewage sludge and evaluation of super absorbent hydrogel under Egyptian conditions. In: Iron Nutrition in Soil and Plants. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium, Zaragoza, pp. 53-62.
Barbarick, K.A., J.A. Ippolito, and D.G. Westfall, 1998. Extractable trace elements in soil profile after years of biosolids application. J. Environ. Qual. 27: 801-805.
Basta, N.T. and JJ. Sloan, 1999. Bioavailability of heavy metals in strongly acidic soils treated with exceptional quality biosolids. J. Environ. Qual: 28: 633-638.
Benitez, E., M. Romero, M. Gomez, F. Gallardolaro and R. Nogales, 2001. Biosolid and biosolid ash as sources of heavy metals in plant-soil system. Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 132: 75-87.
Bouyoucos, GJ. 1965. Hydrometer method for making particle size analysis of soils. Agronomy J. 54: 464-465.
Brofas, G., P. Michopoulas, and D. Alifragis,2000. Sewage sludge as an amendment for calcareous bauxite mine spoils reclamation. J. Environ. Qual. 29: 811-816.
Chun, J.J., E. Fallahi, W.M. Colt, B. Shafii and R.T. Tripepi, 2002. Effects of rootstocks and micro sprinkler fertigation on mineral concentrations yield and fruit color of "BC-2 Fuji" apple. J. American Pomological Society, 56: 4-13.
Cogger, C.G., A.I. Bary, S.C. Fransen and D.M. Sullivan, 2001. Seven years of biosolids versus inorganic nitrogen applications to tall fescue. J. Environ. Qual. 30: 2188-2194.
DİE, 2003. Agricultural Structure 2001 (Production, Price, Value). State Institute of Statistics, Prime-Ministry, Republic of Turkey, No: 2758, Ankara.
Düzgüneş, 0., T. Kesici, 0. Kavuncu and F. Gürbüz, 1997. Araştırma ve Deneme Metodları (İstatistik Metodları II). Ankara Üniv. Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları: 1021, Ders Kitabi: 295, Ankara.
Fang, M. and J.W.C. Wong, 1999. Effects of lime amendment on availability of heavy metals and maturation in sewage sludge composition. Environmental Pollution, 106: 83-89.
Frost, H.L. and L.H. Ketchum, 2000. Trace metal concentration in durum wheat from application of sewage sludge and commercial fertilizer. Advances in Environmental Research, 4: 347-355.
Houba, V.J.G., JJ. Van der Lee, I. Navozomsky and I. Walinga, 1989. Soil and Plant Analysis, Part 5, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands.
İbrikçi, H., K.Y. Gülüt and N. Güzel, 1994. Gübrelemede Bitki Analiz Tekniği. Çukurova Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Yayın No: 95, Ders Kitapları Yayın No: 8, Adana.
Jackson, M., 1958. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Jones, J.B. Jr., B. Wolf and HA Mills, 1991. Plant Analysis Handbook. Micro Macro Publishing, Inc Athens, Georgia, USA.
Kaçar, B., 1984. Bitki Besleme Uygulama Kılavuzu. Ankara Üniv. Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları: 900, Uygulama Kılavuzları: 214, Ankara.
Keller, C, S.P. McGrath and S.J. Dunham, 2002. Trace metal leaching through a soil grassland system after sewage sludge application. J. Environ. Qua!. 31: 1550-1560.
Khan, K.D. and B. Frankland, 1983. Chemical forms of Cd and Pb in some contaminated soils. Environmental Pollution, 6: 15-31.
Kocasoy, G., 1994. Atıksu Arıtma Çamuru ve Katı Atık ve Kompost Örneklerinin Analiz Yöntemleri. Boğaziçi Üniv. Çevre Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
Krebs, R., S.K. Gupta, G. Furrer and R. Schulin, 1998. Solubility and plant uptake of metals with and without liming of sludge amended soils. J. Environ. Qual. 27: 18-23.
Lindsay, W.L. and W.A. Norvell, 1978. .Development of a DTPA test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. J. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 42: 421-428.
Little, 'D.A., R.B. Reneau Jr. and D.C. Martens, 1991. Lime stabilized and* chemically fixed sewage sludge as lime amendments. Bioresource Technology, 37: 93-102.
Lopez-Mosquera, M.E., C. Moiron and E. Carral, 2000. Use of dairy industry sludge as fertilizer for grassland in northwest Spain: heavy metal levels in the soil and plants. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 30: 95-109.
Menelik, G., R.B. Renau, D.C. Martens and T.W. Simpson, 1991. Yield and elemental composition wheat grain as influenced by source and rate of nitrogen. J. Plant Nutrition, 14: 205-217. ■
Nyamangara, J. and J. Mzezewa, 1999. The effect of long-term sewage sludge application on Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb levels in a clay loam soil under pasture grass in Zimbabwe. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 73: 199-204.
Olsen, S.R., C.V. Cole, F.S. Watanabe and L.A. Dean, 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soil by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S. Dep. Agric. Circ. 939, USDA, Washington, DC.
Pedreno, J.N., I. Gomez, R. Moral and J. Mataix, 1996. Improving the agricultural value of a semi arid soil by addition of sewage sludge and almond residue. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 58: 115-119.
Peles, J.D., S.R. Brewer and G.W. Barret, 1998. Heavy metal accumulation by old field plant species during recovery of sludge treated ecosystems. Am. Midi. Nat. 140: 245-251.
Pinamonti, F., G. Stringari, F. Gasperi and G. Zorzi, 1997. The use of compost: its effects on heavy metal levels in soil and plants. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 21: 129-143.
Reed, B.E., P.E. Carriere and M.R. Matsumoto, 1991. Applying sludge on agricultural land. Biocycle, 37: 58-60.
Resmi Gazete, 2001. Toprak Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği. No: 24609, Ankara. Rigueiro Rodriguez, A., M.R. Mosquera Losada and E. Gatica Trabanini, 2000. Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain. Agroforestry Systems, 48: 245-256.
Selivanovskaya, S.Y., V.Z. Latypova, S.N. Kiyamova and F.K. Alimova, 1 2001. Use of microbial parameters to access treatment methods of municipal sewage sludge applied to grey forest soils of Tatarstan. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 86: 145- 153.
Sloan, J.J., R.H. Dowdy, M.S. Dolan and D.R. Linden, 1997. Long-term effects of biosolids applications on heavy metal bioavailability in agricultural soils. J. Environ. Qual. 26: 966-974.
Snyman, H.G., J.M. de Jong and A.S. Aveling, 1998. The stabilization of sewage sludge applied to agricultural land and the effects on maize seedlings. Wat. Sci. Tech. 38: 87-95.
Solov, l.S. and D.M. Khamyakov, 1989. Ecological aspects of using sewage sludge as fertilizer in apple orchards. Soviet Agricultural Sciences, 6: 30-33.
Vasspur, L., MJ. Fortin and J. Cyr, 1998. Clover and cress as indicator species of impacts from limed sewage sludge and landfill wastewater land application. The Science of the Total Environment, 217: 231-239.
Wallace, A. and G.A. Wallace, 1994. A possible flow in EPA's 1993 new sludge rule due to heavy metal interactions. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 25: 129-135.
Warmund, M.R., 2001. Early performance of "Red Fuji" on M.9 clones and other dwarfing rootstocks. J. American Pomological Society, 55: 95-100.
White, C.S., S.R. Loftin and R. Aguilar, 1997 Application of biosolid to degraded semiarid rangeland: Nine-year responses. J. Environ. Qual. 26: 1663-1671.
Yingming, L. and R.B. Corey, 1993. Redistribution of sludge borne Cd, Cu and Zn in a cultivated plot. J. Environ. Qual. 22: 1-8.