Soil formation overlying volcanic materials at Mount Erenler, Konya, Turkey

Türkiye’de de volkanik materyal üzerinde oluşan topraklar ile ilgili çalışmalar, dağılımlarıyla karşılaştırıldığında yetersizdir. Sunulan bu çalışmanın hedefleri andezitik ana materyal üzerinde oluşan 4 toprak profilinin fiziksel, kimyasal ve mineralojik karakteristikleri ile toprak genesisi ve toprak sınıfl andırmasından sorumlu pedolojik prosesler üzerine iklim ve diğer toprak oluşum faktörlerinin etkisinin araştırılması ve Konya’da yarı kurak iklim şartlarında volkanik materyal üzerinde oluşan toprakların andisol olarak sınıflandırılabilmesi için gerekli kriterleri sağlayıp sağlamadığını belirlemektir. Söz konusu topraklar orta ve ince tekstür, düşük organik madde içeriği, düşük katyon değişim kapasitesi ve su tutma kapasitesi göstermişlerdir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, tüm topraklarda kum ve kaba silt fraksiyonu % 30’dan yüksek, hacim ağırlığı ise tüm profillerde 0.90 g cm–3’den yüksek bulunmuştur. Fosfor fi ksasyonu genel olarak tüm profi llerde düşük bulunmuştur ve % 85’den küçük değerler saptanmıştır. Amonyum oksalatta ekstrakte edilen Al + ½ Fe yüzdesi bütün profi llerde % 2’den küçük bulunmuştur. NaF deki pH değerleri ise 9.5’in altında tespit edilmiştir. Seçici ekstraksiyon ile tüm horizonlarda Fed > Feo > Fep ve çoğu horizonda Alp > Alo > Ald şeklinde bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Seçici ekstraksiyon analizleri sonuçları ve indeks değerlere göre çalışılan topraklarda allofan, imogolit ve Fe-humus kompleksleri gibi amorf mineraller saptanmamıştır. Amorf mineral olarak sadece önemli miktarda Al-humus kompleksi ve çok az miktarda da ferrihidrit bulunmuştur. Kristalize demir mineralleri, diğer demir minerallerinden daha fazladır. Seçici çözelti analizine ait bazı indeks değerlere göre 3 nolu profi lde eseri miktarda amorf materyalin bulunabileceği belirlenmiştir. En yaygın primer mineral olarak feldspat (plajiyoklaz), kristobalit ve kuvars saptanmıştır. Bazı profi llerde hematit, cummingtonit ve magnetit de bulunmuştur. X ışını kırınımları göre kaolinit ve illitin, kil fraksiyonunda dominant kil minerali olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca kil fraksiyonunda önemli miktarda smektit bulunmuştur. Düşük yağış ve uzun kurak periyot ile karakterize edilen yerel iklim, düşük ayrışma ve yetersiz Si yıkanması nedeni ile andik toprak özelliklerinin oluşumunu engellemiş ve Erenler dağı üzerinde oluşan topraklar Andisol olarak sınıfl andırılamamış bunun yerine Entisol olarak sınıflandırılmışlardır. Erenler Dağı üzerinde toprak genesisini etkileyen temel faktörler, iklim, topografya ve ana materyalin tabiatı olarak saptanmıştır.

Erenler Dağı (Konya, Türkiye) volkanik materyalleri üzerinde toprak oluşumu

Studies of soils developed on volcanic materials are insufficient in Turkey in light of the wide distribution of these soils. The objectives of the present work were to assess the influence of climate and other soil-forming factors on physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics and pedological processes in the soil genesis and soil classifi cation of 4 volcanic soil profiles derived from andesitic parent material, and to determine whether they meet the requirements for classifi cation as Andisols. Collected from a semiarid climate in Konya, Turkey, these soils are characterized as mediumand fi ne-textured with low organic matter content, low cation exchange capacity, and low soil moisture retention. Bulk density was greater than 0.90 g cm–3 in all profiles. In general, phosphate retention was low, and lower than 85% in all profiles. The Al + ½ Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) were lower than 2% in all profiles. The pH values in NaF were less than 9.5 in the soils studied. Selective extraction yielded the following relationship in all extractions: Fed > Feo > Fep. Additionally, in most horizons: Alp > Alo > Ald. According to selective dissolution analysis results and index values, noncrystalline minerals such as allophane, imogolite, and iron-humus complexes have not formed in these soils. Only noncrystalline minerals were present, such as Al-humus complexes in great quantities, and, in small quantities, ferrihydrite. Crystallized Fe minerals were more common than other Fe minerals. Feldspar, cristobalite, and quartz were the most common primer minerals. Hematite, cummingtonite, and magnetite were also found in some profi les. X-ray diff raction indicated that kaolinite and illite were dominant minerals in the clay fraction; furthermore, a considerable amount of smectite was found in the clay fraction. The local climate, characterized by low precipitation and a long dry season, obstructs the formation of andic soil properties because of the low rate of weathering and inadequate Si leaching. As a result, the soils of Mount Erenler were not classifi ed as Andisol but rather as Entisol. The major factors determining soil genesis on Mount Erenler appear to be climate, topography, and the nature of the parent material

PDF

___

Akman Y (1990) Climate and Bioclimate. Palme, Ankara (in Turkish) Barbera V, Raimondi S, Egli M, Plötze M (2008) The influence of weathering processes on labile and stable organic matter in Mediterranean volcanic soils. Geoderma 143: 191-205.
Beckman GG, Thompson CH, Hubble GD (1974) Genesis of red and black soil in basalt on the Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia. J Soil Sci 25: 265-281.
Blake GR, Hartge KH (1986) Bulk density. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods, Agronomy Monograph No. 9 (Ed. A Klute). SSSA, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 363-375.
Bouyoucos GJ (1951) A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils. Agron J 43: 434-438.
Broquen P, Labartini JC, Candan F, Falbo G (2005) Allophane, aluminum, and organic matter accumulation across a bioclimatic sequence of volcanic ash soils of Argentina. Geoderma 129: 167-177.
Buurman P, Rodeja EG, Cortizas AM, van Doesburg JDJ (2004) Stratifi cation of parent material in European volcanic and related soils studied by laser-diffraction grain-sizing and chemical analysis. Catena 56: 127-144.
Chao TT, Sanzolone RF (1992) Decomposition techniques. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 44: 65-106.
Delvaux B, Strebl F, Maes E, Herbillon AJ, Brahy V, Gerzabek M (2004) An andosol- cambisol toposequence on granite in the Austrian Bohemian Massif. Catena 56: 31-43.
Dingil M (2003) Türkiye’de Andisol Ordosuna Girebilecek Bazı Toprakların Özellikleri, Genesisi ve Sınıfl andırılması. Doktora Tezi. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, p. 129. DMI (1994) Meteorology Bulletin. Prime Ministry Printing Establishment, Ankara.
Drouza S, Georgoulias FA, Moustakas NK (2007) Investigation of soils developed on volcanic materials in Nisyros Island, Greece. Catena 70: 340-349.
Egli M, Mirabella A, Nater M, Alioth L, Raimondi S (2008) Clay minerals, oxyhydroxide formation, element leaching and humus development in volcanic soils. Geoderma 143: 101-114.
Ezzaim A, Turpault MP, Ranger J (1999) Quantifi cation of weathering processes in an acid brown soil developed tuff (Beaujolais, France). Part 1. Formation of weathered rind. Geoderma 87: 137-154.
Gunjigake N, Wada K, (1981) Effects of phosphorous concentration and ph on phosphate retention by active aluminium and iron of Ando soils. Soil Science 132: 347-352.
Jackson ML (1979) Soil Chemical Analysis. Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 468- 509.
Kapur S (1980) Pedogenesis and Classifi cation of Soils Developed on Basalt Rock around the Mt. Karacadağ. Assoc. Professorship Thesis. Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey, p. 115 (in Turkish with English abstract).
Kavdır Y, Özcan H, Ekinci H, Yiğini Y (2004) The influence of clay content, organic carbon and land use types on soil aggregate stability and tensile strength. Turk J Agric For 28: 155-162.
Kleber M, Mikutta C, Jahn R (2004) Andosols in Germany - pedogenesis and properties. Catena 56: 67-83.
Kurt S, Bünyamin A, Kurt H (2005) Sağlık Erenkaya (Konya Batısı) yöresi volkanik kayaçların petrografi k ve jeokimyasal özellikleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 17: 190-204.
Moustakas NK, Georgoulias F (2005) Soils developed on volcanic materials in the Island of Thera, Greece. Geoderma 129: 125- 138.
Nanzyo M, Shoji S, Dahlgren R (1993) Physical characteristics of volcanic ash soils. In: Volcanic Ash Soils (Ed. S Shoji). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 189-207.
Özaytekin HH (2002) Karaman (Karadağ) Volkanitleri Üzerinde Oluşan Toprakların Fiziksel, Kimyasal, Mineralojik Özellikleri ve Sınıfl andırılması. Doktora Tezi. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, p. 134.
Parfitt RL, Kimble JM (1989) Conditions for formation of allophane in soils. Soc Am J 53: 971-977.
Parfitt RL, Wilson AD (1985) Estimation of allophane and halloysite in three sequences of volcanic soils, New Zealand. In: Volcanic Soils: Weathering and Landscape Relationships of Soils on Tephras and Bazalt, Catena Suppl. Vol. 7 (Eds. EF Caldas, DH Yaalon). Catena Verlag, Cremlingen, Germany, pp.1-8.
Peters DB (1965) Water availability. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part I (Ed. CA Black). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 279-285.
Prado B, Duwig C, Hidalgo C, Gómez D, Yee H, Prat C, Esteves M, Etchevers JD (2007) Characterization, functioning and classifi cation of two volcanic soil profiles under different land uses in Central Mexico. Geoderma 139: 300-313.
Quantin P, Dabin B, Boulean A, Lulli L, Bidini D (1985) Characteristics and genesis of two Andosols in central Italy. In: Volcanic Soils: Weathering and Landscape Relationships of Soils on Tephras and Bazalt, Catena Suppl. Vol. 7 (Eds. EF Caldas, DH Yaalon). Catena Verlag, Cremlingen, Germany, pp. 107-117.
Sanjurjo MJF, Corti G, Certini G, Ugolini FC (2003) Pedogenesis induced by Genista aetnensis (Biv.) DC. on basaltic pyroclastic deposits at different altitudes, Mt. Etna, Italy. Geoderma 115: 223-243.
Schollenberger CJ, Simon RH (1954) Determination of exchange capacity and exchangeable bases in soil-ammonium acetate method. Soil Science 59: 13-24.
Schwertmann U (1985) The effect of pedogenic environments on iron oxides. Adv Soil Sci 1: 171-200.
Shoji S, Dahlgren R, Nanzyo M (1993) Physical characteristics of volcanic ash soils. In: Volcanic Ash Soils (Ed. S Shoji). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 189-207.
Shoji S, Fujiware Y, Yamada I, Saigusa M (1982) Chemistry and clay mineralogy of Ando soils, Brown forest soils and Podzolic soils formed from recent Towanda ashes, Northeastern Japan. Soil Sci 133: 69-86.
Sigfusson B, Gislason SR, Paton GI (2008) Pedogenesis and weathering rates of a Histic Andosol in Iceland: Field and experimental soil solution study. Geoderma 144: 572-592.
Soil Survey Staff (1999) Soil Taxonomy. A Basic System of Soil Classifi cation for Making and Interpreting Soil Survey. USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 436, Washington DC, USA.
Soil Survey Staff (2010) Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 11th ed. USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC, USA.
Southard SB, Southard RJ (1989) Mineralogy and classifi cation of andic soils in northeastern California. Soil Sci Am J 53: 1784- 1791.
USDA (2004) Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. United States Department of Agriculture - Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Washington DC, USA.
Vacca A, Adamo P, Pigna M, Violante P (2003) Genesis of tephra derived soils from the Roccamonfi na Volcano, South Central Italy. Soil Sci Soc Am J 67: 198-207.
Van Lagen B (1993) Manual for Chemical Soil Analyses. Department of Soil Science and Geology, Wageningen University, Netherlands.
Van Rast E, Utami SR, Verdoodt A, Qufoku NP (2008) Mineralogy of a perudic Andosol in Central Indonesia. Geoderma 144: 379- 386.
Wada K (1985) The distinctive properties of Andosol. In: Advances in Soil Science, Vol. 2 (Ed. BA Stewart). Springer, New York, pp. 173-229.
Wada K (1989) Allophane and imogolite. In: Minerals in Soil Environment (Eds. JB Dixon, SB Weed). Soil Sci. Soc. of America, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 1051-1087.
Wada K, Kakuto Y, Ikawa H (1986) Clay minerals, humus complex and classifi cation of four “Andepts” of Maui, Hawaii. Soil Science Society of America Journal 50: 1007-1013.
White JL, Roth CB (1986) Infrared spectroscopy. In: Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd ed. (Ed. A Klute). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 291-330.