Kadir YILMAZ*, İsmail ÇELİK, Selim KAPUR, John RYAN

Kil Mineralleri, Ca/Mg Oranı ve Fe, Al Oksitlerin Strüktür Stabilitesi, Hidrolik ‹letkenlik ve Erozyon İlişkileri

Topraklar›n kil mineralojileri ve kimyasal yap›lar› ile ilgili çal›flmalar, toprak yönetimi çal›flmalar›yla çok seyrek olarak iliflkilendirilmifllerdir. Bu ba¤lamda, çal›fl›lan topraklar›n erozyona duyarl›l›klar›n›n saptanmas› amaçlanarak, topraklar›n kil mineralleri özellikleri ve kalsiyum/magnezyum oranlar› ile serbest alüminyum ve demir içeriklerinin strüktür stabilitesi ve hidrolik iletkenlikleri ile iliflkileri araflt›r›lm›flt›r. Bu amaçla farkl› ana materyaller üzerinde oluflmufl topraklar çal›flmada kullan›lm›fllard›r. Bunlar serpantin, kireçtafl› ve bazalt ana materyalleri üzerinde oluflmufl topraklard›r. ‹ncelenen topraklar strüktür stabilitelerine göre üç grupta yer almaktad›rlar. ‹lk grup topraklar s›¤ olup, en düflük strüktür stabilitesine, en yüksek smektit/kaolinit oran›na ve en düflük Ca+2/Mg+2 oran›na sahiptirler. Buna karfl›n orta derinlikteki ikinci grup topraklar orta düzeyde strüktür stabilitesine ve smektit/kaolinit oran›yla birlikte en yüksek Ca+2/Mg+2 oran›na sahiptirler. Derin profilli üçüncü grup topraklar ise en yüksek strüktür stabilitesine, en düflük smektit /kaolinit oran›na, orta düzeyde Ca+2/Mg+2 oran›na ve en yüksek Al-Fe oksit içeri¤ine sahiptirler. Birinci ve ikinci grup topraklarda bask›n kil minerali smektit olup, üçüncü grup topraklarda bask›n kil minerali kaolinittir. Elde edilen bulgularda, topraklar›n strüktür stabilitesinde; smektit/kaolinit oran›n›n, Ca+2, Mg+2 içeri¤inin, Ca+2/Mg+2 oran›n›n ve Al-Fe oksit içeri¤inin önemli oldu¤u saptanm›flt›r. Bu ölçütler topraklar›n erozyon ile afl›nabilirli¤i üzerine önemli etki etti¤inden, s›¤ profilli birinci grup topraklar›n erozyona daha duyarl› olmalar› nedeniyle, yönetim uygulamalar›n›n dikkatle haz›rlanmalar› gereklili¤ini ortaya koymaktad›r.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kil mineralleri, strüktür stabilitesi, hidrolik iletkenlik, erozyon, kalsiyum /magnezyum oranı

Clay Minerals, Ca/Mg Ratio and Fe-Al-Oxides in Relation to Structural Stability, Hydraulic Conductivity and Soil Erosion in Southeastern Turkey

Studies of clay mineralogy and related chemical composition are rarely connected with implications for soil management in the field. However, this study attempts to manifest the practical utilization of analytical data for determining the susceptibility to soil erosion. The data obtained involve the determination of clay mineral properties, calcium/magnesium ratios, and free aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) oxides on structure stability, and hydraulic conductivity properties. Nine representative soil pedons developed on serpentine, limestone, and basalt parent materials were selected for the study. The soils were initially grouped into 3 according to their structural stability values. Group 1 soils had the lowest structural stability, highest smectite/kaolinite ratios, and shallow profile depths with the lowest Ca2+/Mg2+ ratios. Group 2 soils had moderate structural stability and smectite/kaolinite ratios with moderate profile depths and the highest Ca2+/Mg2+ ratios. Group 3 soils had the highest structural stability values, the lowest smectite/kaolinite ratios with deep profiles, moderate Ca2+/Mg2+ ratios, and the highest free Al-Fe oxide contents with kaolinite being the dominant clay mineral, whereas smectite was dominant in Groups 1 and 2. Thus, the significance of smectite/kaolinite ratios for structural stability studies in soils, and Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents, Ca2+/Mg2+ ratios, and free Al-Fe oxides are indices reflecting erodibility (such as the shallow Group 1 soils) that should be considered more susceptible to erosion.

Keywords:

Clay minerals, structural stability, hydraulic conductivity, erosion, calcium/magnesium ratio.,

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