Evaluation of disease intensity and molecular identification of Zymoseptoria tritici causing Septoria leaf blotch on wheat in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey
Evaluation of disease intensity and molecular identification of Zymoseptoria tritici causing Septoria leaf blotch on wheat in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey
Wheat is one of the most important crops in Turkey. Production of this crop is constrained by the disease Septorialeaf blotch, which is a major bottleneck in wheat production in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. In this study,260 different wheat fields were surveyed for the estimation of prevalence and severity of Septoria leaf blotch. Out of 100%of the total wheat crop fields, 58.91% were infected with this disease. The mean value of Septoria leaf blotch virulence was11.62%. Out of 142 diseased wheat crop samples, 74 isolates were used for the pathogenicity test. Forty-seven isolates fromAdana, 3 isolates from Mersin, 3 isolates from Osmaniye, 14 isolates from Hatay, and 7 isolates from Kahramanmaraşprovinces were cultured on PDA plates. The cause of disease agent was identified based on microscopic observation ofmorphological structure and molecular analysis methods. Consequently, total 15 virulent isolates, 3 isolates from eachprovince were sequenced for 5′ and 3′ ends of ITS of rDNA and nBLAST of the ITS sequences revealed that Zymoseptoriatritici was the agent of Septoria leaf blotch. The highest disease prevalence (87.99%) was recorded at Adana and followedby Osmaniye with 87.44%, Kahramanmaraş (43.59%), Mersin (42.68%), and Hatay (26.03%).
___
- Abebe T, Mehari M, Legesse M (2015). Field response of wheat
genotypes to Septoria tritici blotch in Tigray, Ethiopia. Journal
of Natural Sciences Research 5: 1-8.
- Agrios GN (1997). Plant Pathology, 4th ed. New York, NY, USA:
Academic Press, pp. 244-256.
- Allioui N, Siah A, Brinis L, Reignault P, Halama P (2016).
Identification of QoI fungicide-resistant genotypes of the
wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici in Algeria. Phytopathol
Mediterr 55: 89-97.
- Beck JJ, Ligon JM (1994). Polymerase chain reaction assays for the
detection of Stagonospora nodorum and Septoria tritici in
wheat. Phytopathology 85: 319-324.
- Bockus WW, Bowden RL, Hunger RM, Morrill WL, Murray TD,
Smiley RW (2010). Compendium of Wheat Diseases and
Pests, 3rd ed. St. Paul, MN, USA: American Phytopathological
Society, pp. 43-44.
- Boukef S, McDonald BA, Yahyaoui A, Rezgui S, Brunner PC (2012).
The frequency of mutations associated with fungicide resistance
and population structure of Mycosphaerella graminicola in
Tunisia. Eur J Plant Pathol 132: 111-122.
- Castro AC, Simon MR (2016). Effect of tolerance to Septoria tritici
blotch on grain yield, yield components and grain quality in
Argentinean wheat cultivars. Crop Protection 90: 66-76.
- Cenis JL (1992). Rapid extraction of fungal DNA for PCR
amplification. Nucleic Acids Res 20: 2380.
- Eyal Z (1999). The Septoria/Stagonospora blotch disease of wheat:
past, present, and future. In: Van Ginkel M, McNab A,
Krupinsky J, editors. Septoria and Stagonospora Diseases of
Cereals: A Compilation Research. Mexico: CIMMYT, pp. 171-
181.
- Eyal Z, Brown MB (1976). A quantitative method for estimating
the density of Septoria tritici pycnidia on wheat leaves.
Phytopathology 66: 11-14.
- Eyal Z, Scharen AL, Huffman MD, Prescott JM (1985). Global insights
into virulence frequencies of Mycosphaerella graminicola.
Phytopathology 75: 1456-1462.
- Finci S (1982). Marmara Bölgesinde buğday ekim alanlarında
görülen Septoria fungusunun türleri, yayılışları ve çeşit
reaksiyonları üzerinde çalışmalar. Bitki Koruma Bülteni 22:
72-88 (in Turkish).
- Fraaije BA, Lovell DJ, Coelho JM, Baldwin, Hollomon DW (2001).
PCR-based assays to assess wheat varietal resistance to blotch
(Septoria tritici and Stagonospora nodorum) and rust (Puccinia
striiformis and Puccinia recondita) diseases. Eur J Plant Pathol
107: 905-917.
- Gilchrist L, Dubin HJ (2002). Septoria diseases of wheat. In:
Curtis BC, Rajaram S, Gómez MH, editors. Bread Wheat
Improvement, and Production. FAO Plant Production and
Protection Series No. 30.
- Hess DE, Shaner G (1987). Effect of moisture and temperature on
development of Septoria tritici Blotch in wheat. Phytopathology
77: 215-219.
- Holmes SJI, Colhoun J (1974). Infection of wheat by Septoria
nodorum and S. tritici in relation to plant age, air temperature
and relative humidity. T Brit Mycol Soc 63: 329-338.
- Kema GHJ, Verstappen ECP, Todorova M, Waalwijk C (1996).
Successful crosses and molecular tetrad and progeny analyses
demonstrate heterothallism in Mycosphaerella graminicola.
Curr Genet 30: 251-258.
- Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016). Molecular Evolutionary
Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Mol Biol
Evol 33: 1870-1874.
- Marshall D (1985). Geographic distribution and aggressiveness of
Septoria tritici on wheat in the United States. Phytopathology
75: 1319.
- McDonald BA, Zhan J, Yarden O, Hogan K, Garton J, Pettway RE
(1999). The population genetics of Mycosphaerella graminicola
and Stagonospora nodorum. In: Lucas JA, Bowyer P, Anderson
HM, editors. Septoria on Cereals: A Study of Pathosystems.
Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing, pp. 44-69.
- Orton ES, Deller S, Brown JK (2011). Mycosphaerella graminicola:
from genomics to disease control. Mol. Plant Pathol 12: 413-
424.
- Ponomarenko A, Goodwin SB, Kema GHJ (2011). Septoria tritici
blotch (STB) of wheat. Plant Health Instructor DOI:10.1094/
PHI-I-2011-0407-01.
- Quaedvlieg W, Kema GHJ, Groenewald JZ, Verkley GJM,
Seifbarghi S, Razavi M, Gohari AM, Mehrabi R, Crous
PW (2011). Zymoseptoria gen. nov.: a new genus to
accommodate Septoria-like species occurring on graminicolous
hosts. Persoonia 26: 57-69.
- Ramdani A, Halama P, Elbekali AY, Siah A, Hafidi M, Reignault Ph,
Tisserant B, Deweer C (2011). Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
in Morocco: current status and perspective. Proceedings of
the 8th International Symposium on Mycosphaerella and
Stagonospora Diseases of Cereals, Mexico City, Mexico, 16.
- Razavi M (2003). Pathogenic and molecular variability in a
population of Mycosphaerella graminicola, the cause of Septoria
tritici leaf blotch of wheat. PhD, University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
- SAS Institute (2002). SAS/STAT User’s Guide, Version 9.1.3. Cary,
NC, USA: SAS Institute Inc.
- Shaner G, Finney RE (1976). Weather and epidemics of Septoria leaf
blotch of wheat. Phytopathology 66: 781-785.
- Simon MR, Cordo CA, Perello AE, Struik PC (2003). Influence of
nitrogen supply on the susceptibility of wheat to Septoria tritici.
Phytopathology 151: 283-289.
- Tamura K, Nei M (1993). Estimation of the number of nucleotide
substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in
humans and chimpanzees. Mol Biol Evol 10: 512-526.
- Townsend GK, Heuberger JW (1943). Methods for estimating losses
caused by diseases in fungicide experiments. Plant Dis Reptr
27: 340-343.
- Van Ginkel M, Rajaram S (1995). Breeding for resistance to Septoria
tritici at CIM1v1YT. in: Gilchrist SL, Van Ginkel M, McNab
A, Kema GH, editors. The Septoria tritici: Proceedings of the
Workshop. CIM1v1YT, Mexico, DF, pp. 55-59.
- Van Ginkel M, Scharen AL (1988). Host-pathogen relationships of
wheat and Septoria tritici. Phytopathology 78: 762-766.
- Vrapi H, Gixhari B, Kasht F, Sulovari H, Ruci T (2012). The
relationship between diseases index of Septoria leaf blotch,
leaf rust and yield losses in bread wheat cultivar in Albania. J
Environ Eng Sci B 1: 957-965.
- Wainshilbaum SJ, Lipps PE (1991). Effect of temperature and growth
stage of wheat on the development of leaf and glume blotch
caused by Septoria tritici and S. nodulum. Plant Dis 77: 993-
998.
- White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990). Amplification and direct
sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics.
In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ, editors. PCR
Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. New York,
NY, USA: Academic Press, pp. 315-322.
- Zegeye T, Taye G, Tanner D, Verkuijl H, Agidie A, Mwangi W (2001).
Adoption of improved bread wheat varieties and inorganic
fertilizer by small scale farmers in Yelmana Densa and Farta
Districts of Northern Ethiopia, EARO, and CIMMYT. Mexico
City, Mexico. pp. 3-5.