Mehmet Ali ÇULLU, Murat DİKİLİTAŞ, Sema KARAKAŞ

Comparison of two halophyte species (Salsola soda and Portulaca oleracea) for salt removal potential under different soil salinity conditions

Salt-induced land degradation has gradually increased in several major irrigation schemes within arid and semiarid regions.To maximize crop productivity under saline conditions, either salt tolerance crops should be cultivated or areas should be desalinated.One of the most promising and cost-effective ways to maximize crop productivity is to use salt tolerant plants to remove salt from thesoil. For this study, four levels of saline soils were cultivated with the halophyte species Salsola soda L. and Portulaca oleracea L. in pots.The soils had the following salinity levels: 1) nonsaline soil (NSS, 0.9 dS m–1), 2) slightly saline soil (SSS, 4.2 dS m–1), 3) moderatelysaline soil (MSS, 7.2 dS m–1), and 4) highly saline soil (HSS, 14.1 dS m–1). To assess the salt tolerance capacity of the halophytes,physiological and biochemical parameters as well as the accumulation of leaf Na+ and Cl– ions in the halophytes were investigated. Soilswere additionally evaluated for electrical conductivity, pH, and soil ion concentrations prior to planting and the following harvest.The fresh and dry weights of both halophytes increased with increasing salinity levels (P ≤ 0.05). The proline contents of S. soda and P.oleracea were 3.1 and 4.6 times higher, respectively, than within the same species grown under control conditions. The malondialdehydeand membrane stability index values for S. soda were insignificant under all salt conditions. Only P. oleracea showed significantly highermembrane damage under HSS conditions. In a similar manner, the chlorophyll content of both halophytes was not impacted for all ofthe salinity levels. Na+ and Cl– concentrations significantly decreased in soils that were planted with both halophytes (P ≤ 0.05). Theimpact of S. soda on the removal of Na+ from HSS was significantly higher than that of P. oleracea and removed 151.4 mmol Na+ pot–1 ascompared to the removal of 61.2 mmol Na+ pot–1 by P. oleracea.

PDF

___

Ahmad N, Qureshi RH, Qadir M (1990). Amelioration of a calcareous saline-sodic soil by sodium and forage plants. Land Deg Rehabil 2: 277-284.
Arnon DI (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts, polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris L. Plant Physiol 24: 1-15.
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare, ID (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil 39: 205-207.
Carrow RN, Duncan RR (2011) Salinity in soils. In: Leinauer B, Cockerham S, editors. Turfgrass Water Conservation, 2nd ed. Riverside, CA, USA: ANR Communications Service, University of California.
Chapman HD, Pratt PF (1961). Methods of Analysis for Soils, Plants, and Waters. Riverside, CA, USA: Division of Agricultural Sciences, University of California USA.
Cucci G, Lacolla G, Crecchio C, Pascazio S, De Giorgio D (2016). Impact of long term soil management practices on the fertility and weed flora of an almond orchard. Turk J Agric For 40: 194- 202.
Dikilitas M, Karakas S (2012). Crop Production for Agricultural Improvement. In: Ashraf M, editor. Behavior of Plant Pathogens for Crops under Stress during the Determination of Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Approaches for Salt Stress Tolerance. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, pp. 417-441.
Erturk Y, Ercisli S, Haznedar A, Cakmakci R (2010). Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on rooting and root growth of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) stem cuttings. Biol Res 43: 91-98.
Flowers TJ, Colmer TD (2015). Plant salt tolerance: adaptations in halophytes. Ann Bot 115: 327-331.
Foolad MR (2004). Recent advances in genetics of salt tolerance in tomato. Plant Cell Tiss Org 76: 101-119.
Gorham J (1995). Mechanism of salt tolerance of halophytes. In: Choukr Allah CR, Malcolm CV, Handy A, editors. Halophytes and Biosaline Agriculture. New York, NY, USA: Marcel Dekker, pp. 207-223.
Gupta B, Huang B (2014). Mechanism of salinity tolerance in plants: physiological, biochemical, and molecular characterization. International Journal of Genomics http://dx.doi. org/10.1155/2014/701596.
Hassan AM, Chaura J, López-Gresa MP, Borsai O, Daniso E, DonatTorres MP, Mayoral O, Vicente O, Boscaiu M (2016). Nativeinvasive plants vs. halophytes in Mediterranean salt marshes: stress tolerance mechanisms in two related species. Front Plant Sci 7: 473.
Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Alam M, Bhowmik CP, Hossain A, Rahman MM, Prasad VNM, Ozturk M, Fujita M (2014). Potential use of halophytes to remediate saline soils. BioMed Research International http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/589341.
Jamil A, Riaz S, Ashraf M, Foolad MR (2011). Gene expression profiling of plants under salt stress. Crit Rev Plant Sci 30: 435- 458.
Johnson CM, Ulrich A (1959) II. Analytics methods for use in plant analysis. Calif Agric Exp Stat Bull 799.
Jouyban Z (2012). The effects of salt stress on plant growth. Tech J Engg App Sci 2: 7-10.
Kacar B, İnal A (2008). Bitki Analizleri. Ankara, Turkey: Nobel (in Turkish).
Karakas S, Cullu MA, Kaya C, Dikilitas M (2016). Halophytic companion plants improve growth and physiological parameters of tomato plants grown under salinity. Pak J Bot 48: 21-28.
Karakaş S (2013). Development of tomato growing in soil differing in salt levels and effects of companion plants on same physiological parameters and soil remediation. PhD, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
Kumar A, Abrol IP (1984). Studies on the reclaiming of Karnal-grass and Para-grass grown in a highly sodic soil. Indian J Agric Sci 54: 189-193.
Mekki BB (2016). High salinity stress tolerant halophytic plant species for sustainable agriculture in desert regions: a review. World Applied Science Journal 34: 1603-1611.
Menason E, Betty T, Vijayan KK, Anbudurai PR (2015). Modification of fatty acid composition in salt adopted Synechocystis 6803 cells. Ann Biol Res 6: 4-9.
Muhammad Z, Hussain F, Rehmanullah R, Majeed A (2015). Effect of halopriming on the induction of NaCl salt tolerance in different wheat genotypes. Pak J Bot 47: 1613-1620.
Munns R, Tester M. Mechanisms of salt tolerance (2008). Annu Rev Plant Biol 59: 651-681.
Munns R (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ 25: 239-250.
Nguyen HT, Stanton DE, Schmitz N, Farquhar GD, Ball MC (2015). Growth responses of the mangrove Avicennia marina to salinity: development and function of shoot hydraulic systems require saline conditions. Ann Bot 115: 397-407.
Panta S, Flowers TJ, Lane P, Doyle R, Haros G, Shabala S (2014). Halophyte agriculture: success stories. Environ Exp Bot 107: 71-83.
Premchandra, GS, Saneoka H, Ogata S (1990). Cell membrane stability, an indicator of drought tolerance as affected by applied nitrogen in soybean. J Agri Sci 115: 63-66.
Qadir M, Steffens D, Yan F, Schubert S (2003). Sodium removal from a calcareous saline-sodic soil through leaching and plant uptake during phytoremediation. Land Degrad Dev 14: 301- 307.
Rabhi M, Barhoumi Z, Atia A, Lakhdar A, Hafsi C, Hajji S, Abdelly C, Smaoui A (2009). Evaluation of the capacity of three halophytes to desalinize their rhizosphere as grown on saline soils under non-leaching conditions. Afr J Ecol 47: 463-468.
Rahnama A, James RA, Poustini K, Munns R (2010). Stomatal conductance as a screen for osmotic stress tolerance in durum wheat-growing in saline soil. Funct Plant Biol 37: 255-263.
Rana Munns R, Gilliham M (2015). Salinity tolerance of crops - what is the cost? New Phytologist 208: 668-673.
Ravindran KC, Venkatesan K, Balakrishnan V, Chellappan KP, Balasubramani T. (2007). Restoration of saline land by halophytes for Indian soils. Soil Biol Biochem 39: 2661-2664.
Roy SJ, Negrão S, Tester (2014). Salt resistant crop plants. Curr Opin Biotech 26: 115-124.
Sahin U, Anapali O, Ercisli S (2002). Physico-chemical and physical properties of some substrates used in horticulture. Gartenbauwissenschaft 67: 55-60.
Sairam RK, Sexena D (2000). Oxidative stress and antioxidants in wheat genotypes: possible mechanism of water stress tolerance. J Agron Crop Sci 184: 55-61.
Shabala S (2013). Learning from halophytes: physiological basis and strategies to improve abiotic stress tolerance in crops. Ann Bot 112: 1209-1221.
Shrivastava P, Kumar R (2015). Soil salinity: a serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation. Saudi J Biol Sci 22: 123-131.
Soil Conservation Service (1972). Soil survey laboratory methods and procedures for collecting soil samples. Soil Survey Invest Rep no: 1 US Gov Print Office Washington DC.
Sorkheh K, Khaleghi E (2016). Molecular characterization of genetic variability and structure of olive (Olea europaea L.) germplasm collection analyzed by agromorphological traits and microsatellite markers. Turk J Agric For 40: 583-596.
Thomas GW (1996). Soil pH and soil acidity. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 3-Chemical Methods, SSSA Book.
Yuan F, Leng B, Wang B (2016). Progress in studying salt secretion from the salt glands in recretohalophytes: how do plants secrete salt? Front Plant Sci 7: 977.
Zahoor I, Sajid M, Ahmad A, Hameed M, Nawaz T, Tarteel A (2012). Comparative salinity tolerance of Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) vahl and Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) palla, the candidate sedges for rehabilitation of saline wetlands. Pak J Bot 44: 1-6.
Zhao, KF, Fan H, Song J, Sun MX, Wang BZ, Zhang SQ, Ungar IA (2005). Two Na and Cl hyperaccumulators of the Chenopodiaceae. J Integr Plant Biol 47: 311-318.
Zorrig W, Rabhi M, Ferchichi S, Smaoui A, Abdelly C (2012) Phytodesalination: a solution for salt-affected soils in arid and semi-arid regions. J Arid Land Studies 22: 299-302.