CO2respiration rates of einkorn wheat at different temperature and moisture contents

Temperature and grain moisture content are the main factors affecting grain spoilage in storage. These factors have a significantimpact on the maintenance of quality, insect, fungus, and pest development. The main objective of this study was to determine the CO2concentration and respiration rate of hulled einkorn wheat in different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) and grain moisturecontents (9.1%, 11.5%, 13.8%, and 15.9%, wet basis) by means of CO2 sensors. Multiple polynomial regression equation was developedto predict respiration as affected by temperature and grain moisture content. The CO2 concentrations and respiration rates of wheatincreased with an increase in temperature and grain moisture content. The highest mean cumulative CO2 concentrations of 5461.4ppm and respiration rate of 12.38 mg CO2 kg–1 h–1 were found with temperature at 35 °C. Minimum respiration rates were determinedat 5 and 10 °C in all moisture contents. Adjusted R-square value of the multiple polynomial prediction equation depending on storagetemperature and grain moisture content was found to be 0.76. According to these results, ambient temperature and grain moisturecontent were found to be extremely effective on respiratory rate. This study showed that 9.1–13.8% moisture content and 10–20 °C aresuitable conditions to store einkorn wheat without a decrease in nutritional properties for long-term periods.

PDF

___

Arias Barreto A (2016). Modelling transport phenomena in hermetic storage of grain. Prediction of safe storage conditions for silo bags. PhD, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina.
ASABE (2012). Moisture measurement-unground Grain and Seeds. ASABE Standard 1998, 2-4, USA.
Bern CJ, Steele JL, Morey RV (2002). Shelled corn CO2 evolution and storage time for 0.5% dry matter loss. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 18: 703-706.
Bunce J (2004). A comparison of the effects of carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on respiration, translocation and nitrate reduction in darkened soybean leaves. Annals of Botany 93: 665-669.
Chidananda K, Chelladurai V, Jayas D, Alagusundaram K, White N et al. (2014). Respiration of pulses stored under different storage conditions. Journal of Stored Products Research 59: 42-47.
Christensen C, Kaufmann H (1969). Characteristics of field and storage fungi. In: Christensen, C, Kaufmann H (editors). Grain Storage: The Role of Fungi in Quality Loss. University of Minnesota Press.
Diawara B, Cahagnier B, Richard-Molar D (1986). Oxygen consumption by a wet grain ecosystem in hermetic silos at various water activities. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Working Conference on Stored-product Protection; Tel Aviv, Israel, pp. 77-84.
Dillahunty A, Siebenmorgen T, Buescher R, Smith D, Mauromoustakos A (2000). Effect of moisture content and temperature on respiration rate of rice. Cereal Chemistry 77: 541-543.
Forcier F, Raghavan G, Gariepy Y (1987). Electronic sensor for the determination of fruit and vegetable respiration. International Journal of Refrigeration 10: 353-356.
Fonseca S, Oliveira F, Brecht J (2002). Modelling respiration rate of fresh fruits and vegetables for modified atmosphere packages: a review. Journal of Food Engineering 52: 99-119.
Gomez L, Deaquiz Y, Alvarez-Herrera J (2014). Postharvest behavior of tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) treated with CaCl2 under different storage temperatures. Agronomía Colombiana 32 (2): 238-245.
Gonzales H, Armstrong P, Maghirang R (2009). Simultaneous monitoring of stored grain with relative humidity, temperature, and carbon dioxide sensors. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 25 (4): 595-604.
Hamer A, Lacey J, Magan N (1991). Use of an automatic electrolytic respirometer to study respiration of stored grain. In: Proceedings of 5th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection; Bordeaux, France, pp. 321-330.
Herner R (1987). High CO2 effects on plant organs. In: Weichmann J (editor). Postharvest Physiology of Vegetables. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 239-253.
Huang H, Danao M, Rausch K, Singh V (2013). Diffusion and production of carbon dioxide in bulk corn at various temperatures and moisture contents. Journal of Stored Products Research 55: 21-26.
Jian F, Chelladurai V, Jayas DS, Demianyk CJ, White NDG (2014). Interstitial concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen in stored canola, soybean, and wheat seeds under various conditions. Journal of Stored Products Research 57: 63-72.
Karunakaran C, Muir WE, Jayas DS, White NDG, Abramson D (2001). Safe storage time of high moisture wheat. Journal of Stored Products Research 37: 303-312.
Kibar H (2019). Assessing mineral composition and morphophysiological properties of de-hulled einkorn wheat during storage at different moisture levels. Journal of Stored Products Research 83: 200-208.
Lacey J, Hamer A, Magan N (1994). Respiration and losses in stored wheat under different environment conditions. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Working Conference on Stored-product Protection; Canberra, Australia, pp. 1007-1013.
Maier D, Channaiah L, Martinez-Kawas A, Lawrence J, Chaves E et al. (2010). Monitoring carbon dioxide concentration for early detection of spoilage in stored grain. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Working Conference on Stored-Product Protection; Canberra, Australia, pp. 505-509.
Moog D, Stroshine R, Seitz L (2010). Fungal susceptibility at four temperature moisture combinations and carbon dioxide kit color reader evaluation. Cereal Chemistry 87 (3): 182-189.
Navarro H, Navarro S, Finkelman S (2012). Hermetic and modified atmosphere storage of shelled peanuts to prevent free fatty acid and aflatoxin formation. In: Athanassiou CG., Kavallieratos NG, Weintraub PG (editors). Integrated Protection of Stored Products IOBC/WPRS; Volos, Greece. pp. 183-192.
Neethirajan S, Jayas DS, Sadistap S (2009). Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) sensors for the agri-food industry-a review. Food and Bioprocess Technology 2: 115-121.
Ochandio D, Bartosik R, Yommi A, Cardoso L (2012). Carbon dioxide concentration in hermetic storage of soybean (Glycine max) in small glass jars. In: Navarro S, Banks HJ, Jayas DS, Bell CH, Noyes RT, Ferizli AG, Emekci M, Isikber AA, Alagusundaram K (editors). Proceedings of the 9th International Conference Controlled Atmospheres and Fumigation of Stored Products. Antalya, Turkey. pp. 495-500.
Ochandio D, Bartosik R, Gastón A, Abalone R, Barreto AA et al. (2017). Modelling respiration rate of soybean seeds (Glycine max L.) in hermetic storage. Journal of Stored Products Research 74: 36-45.
Özdemir FA, Yıldırım MU, Kılıç Ö (2016). The effects of application of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in different concentrations and durations on the surface sterilization of Pancratium maritimum L. bulbs. Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science 5 (2): 156-163.
Pronyk C, Muir WE, White NDG, Abramson D (2004). Carbon dioxide production and deterioration of stored canola. Canadian Biosystems Engineering 46: 25-33.
Raudienė E, Rušinskas D, Balčiūnas G, Juodeikienė G, Gailius D (2017). Carbon dioxide respiration rates in wheat at various temperatures and moisture contents. Mapan 32 (1): 51-58.
Rukunudin IH, Bern CJ, Misra MK, Bailey TB (2004). Carbon dioxide evolution from fresh and preserved soybeans. Transactions of the ASAE 47: 827-833.
Serpen A, Gökmen V, Karagöz A, Köksel H (2008). Phytochemical quantification and total antioxidant capacities of emmer (Triticum dicoccon Schrank) and einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) wheat landraces. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56: 7285-7292.
Sood K (2015). Design and Evaluation of a Grain Respiration Measurement System for Dry Matter Loss of Soybeans. MSc, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
Ubhi GS, Sadaka S (2015). Temporal valuation of corn respiration rates using pressure sensors. Journal of Stored Products Research 61: 39-47.
Waghmare R, Mahajan P, Annapure U (2013). Modelling the effect of time and temperature on respiration rate of selected fresh-cut produce. Postharvest Biology and Technology 80: 25-30.
White NDG, Sinha RN, Miur WE, Muir WE (1982). Intergranular carbon dioxide as an indicator of biological activity associated with the spoilage of stored wheat. Canadian Agricultural Engineering 24: 35-42.
Yılmaz VA (2012). Changes of bulgur quality, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity at bulgur production from siyez (Triticum monococcum L.) and durum (Triticum durum) wheats. Msc. Thesis, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey (in Turkish).