Seed fatty acid compositions and chemotaxonomy of wild safflower (<i>Carthamus</i> L., Asteraceae) species in Turkey

Safflower is an important oilseed crop for the dry regions of the world. In the present study, we aimed to find out the seed oil content and composition of the wild relatives of safflower. For this purpose, 71 populations from 5 naturally growing Carthamus species were collected from Turkey: Carthamus dentatus (30 accessions), Carthamus lanatus (30 accessions), Carthamus persicus (2 accessions), Carthamus glaucus (6 accessions), and Carthamus tenuis (3 accessions). Our research covered all naturally growing safflower species in the flora of Turkey. The seeds belonging to 71 accessions were germinated in cabinets and transferred to vials in order to obtain seedlings and then sown in the field manually. After harvesting, the seed oil content (%) and fatty acid compositions were determined. The seed oil content ranged between 10.50% and 20.40% in all accessions. Thirteen fatty acids, mainly linoleic (58.8% to 82.6%), oleic (7.3% to 22.8%), and palmitic acids (4.8% to 8.8%) were determined. The fatty acid compositions were more or less similar in all investigated species; however, the seed oil contents were different. For the evaluation of fatty acid properties as a taxonomic character, cluster analysis was performed. The dendrogram based on the fatty acid ratios discriminated section Carthamus and section Atractylis of the genus Carthamus; however, the resulting tree was not compatible with the previously constructed phylogeny trees in detail

Keywords:

Carthamus, chemotaxonomy fatty acid composition, seed oil content,

PDF

___

References Agrawal R, Tsujimoto H, Tandon R, Rao SR, Raina SN (2013). Species-genomic relationships among the tribasic diploid and polyploid Carthamus taxa based on physical mapping of active and inactive 18S–5.8 S–26S and 5S ribosomal RNA gene families, and the two tandemly repeated DNA sequences. Gene 521: 136-144.
Ahmadzadeh S, Kadivar M, Saeidi G (2014). Investigation of oil properties and seed composition in some safflower lines and cultivars. J Food Biochem 38: 527-532.
Alvarenga SAV, Ferreira MJP, Emerenciano VP, Cabrol-Bass D (2001). Chemosystematic studies of natural compounds isolated from Asteraceae: characterization of tribes by principal component analysis. Chemometr Intell Lab 56: 27-37.
Ashri A, Efron Y (1964). Inheritance studies with fertile interspecific hybrids of three Carthamus L. species. Crop Sci 4: 510-514.
Ashri A, Knowles PF (1960). Cytogenetics of safflower ( Carthamus L.) species and their hybrids. Agron J 52: 11-17.
Ashri A, Rudich J (1965). Unequal reciprocal natural hybridization rates between two Carthamus L. species. Crop Sci 5: 190-191.
Bagci E, Bruehl L, Aitzetmuller K, Altan Y (2003). A chemotaxonomic approach to the fatty acid and tocochromanol content of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae). Turk J Bot 27: 141-147.
Bagmohammadi H, Pahlevani M, Ahmadikhah A, Razavi SE (2012). Genetic variation of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) and related species revealed by ISSR analysis. Plant Breeding and Seed Science 66: 139-150.
Baloch FS, Kurt C, Arıoğlu H, Özkan H (2010). Assaying of diversity among soybean ( Glycin max (L.) Merr.) and peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes at DNA level. Turk J Agric For 34: 285- 301.
Boch R (1961). Honey bee activity on safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.). Can J Plant Sci 41: 559-562.
Bowles VG, Mayerhofer R, Davis C, Good AG, H all JC (2010). A phylogenetic investigation of Carthamus combining sequence and microsatellite data. Plant Syst Evol 287: 85-97.
Butler GD Jr, Werner EG, Leven MD (1966). Native bees associated with safflower in Southern Central Arizona. J Kansas Entomol Soc 39: 434-436.
Carapetian J, Zarei G (2005). Variation in protein, oil and fatty acid contents in three wild species of safflower ( Carthamus L.) from West Azerbaijan, Iran. International Journal of Botany 1: 133- 137.
Claassen CE (1950). Natural and controlled crossing in safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.). Argon J 42: 381-384.
Corleto A, Alba E, Polignano GB, Vonghio G (1997). Safflower: a multipurpose species with nexploited potential and world adaptability. Proceedings of the IVth International Safflower Conference, Bari, Italy: pp 23-31.
Dajue L (1993). Progress of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) research and production in China. In: Third International Safflower Conference, Beijing, China: pp 35-46.
Dajue L, Mingde Z, Rao VR (1993). Characterization and Evaluation of Safflower Germplasm. Beijing, China: Geological Publishing House, 260 pp.
De Haro A, Del Rio M, López JC, García MA, Palomares MJ, Fernández-Martínez J (1991). Evaluation of a world collection of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) for oil quality and other seed characters. Sesame and Safflower Newsletter 6: 94-99. Eckert JE (1962). The relation of honey bees to safflower. Am Bee J 102: 349-350.
Emerenciano VP, Militão JSLT, Campos CC, Romoff P, Kaplan MAC, Zambon M, Brant AJC (2001). Flavonoids as chemotaxonomic markers for Asteraceae. Biochem Syst Ecol 29: 947-957.
Enke N, Gemeinholzer B, Zidorn C (2012). Molecular and phytochemical systematics of the subtribe Hypochaeridinae (Asteraceae, Cichorieae). Org Divers Evol 12: 1-16.
Esendal E (2001). Global adaptability and future potential of safflower, in: Proceedings of 5th International Safflower Conference. Williston, ND, USA: pp. 9-12.
Estilai A (1977). Interspecific hybrids between Carthamus tinctorius and C. alexandrinus . Crop Sci 17: 800-802.
Estilai A, Knowles PF (1976). Cytogenetic studies of Carthamus divaricatus with eleven pairs of chromosomes and its relationship to other Carthamus species (Compositae). Am J Bot 63: 771-782.
Fernández Cuesta Á, Velasco L, Ruiz Méndez MV (2014). Novel safflower oil with high γ-tocopherol content has a high oxidative stability. Euro J Lipid Sci Tech 116: 832-836.
Fernandez-Martinez J, Rio M, Haro A (1993). Survey of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) germplasm for variants in fatty acid composition and other seed characters. Euphytica 69: 115-122.
Futehally S, Knowles PF (1981). Inheritance of very high levels of linoleic acid in an introduction of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) from Portugal, in: First International Safflower Conference, Davis, CA, USA: pp 56-61.
Gölükcü M, Toker R, Tokgöz H, Çınar O (2016). The effect of harvesting time on seed oil content and fatty acid composition of some lemon and mandarin cultivars grown in Turkey. J Agr Sci 22: 566-575.
Hamdan YA, Fernández-Martínez LV (2008). Inheritance of very high oleic acid content and its relationship with several morphological and physiological traits. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Safflower Conference, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia. Heaton TC, Klisiewicz JM (1981). A disease-resistant safflower alloploid from C. tinctorius L. × C. lanatus L. Can J Plant Sci 61: 219-224.
Hofbauer J, Pelikan J (1997). Production of safflower in Czech Republic, in: Proceedings of the IVth International Safflower Conference. Bari, Italy: pp. 43. Imrie BC, Knowles PF (1970). Inheritance studies in interspecific hybrids between Carthamus flavescens and C. tinctorius . Crop Sci 10: 349-352.
Işigigür A, Karaosmanoglu F, Aksoy HA (1995). Characteristics of safflower seed oils of Turkish origin. J Am Oil Chem Soc 72: 1223-1225.
Jiang TF, Lv ZH, Wang YH (2005). Separation and determination of chalcones from Carthamus tinctorius L. and its medicinal preparation by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 28: 1244-1247.
Kadam BS, Patankar VK (1942). Natural cross-pollination in safflower. Indian J Genet Pl Br 2: 69-70.
Khidir MO, Knowles PF (1970). Cytogenetic studies of Carthamus species (Compositae) with 32 pairs of chromosomes. II. Intersectional hybridization. Can J Genet Cytol 12: 90-99.
Knowles PF (1969). Centers of plant diversity and conservation of crop germplasm, Safflower. Econ Bot 23: 324-329.
Knowles PF (1989). Safflower. In: Downey RK, Robbelen G, Ashri A, editors. Oil Crops of the World. New York, NY, USA: McGraw- Hill, pp. 363-374.
Knowles PF, Ashri A (1958). Wild Safflower in California. Improvement of cultivated safflower through plant-breeding program to obtain desirable characteristics of wild species. Calif Agric 12: 4-5.
Knowles PF, Hill AB (1964). Inheritance of fatty acid content in the seed oil of a safflower introduction from Iran. Crop Sci 4: 406. Koutroubas SD, Papakosta DK, Doitsinis A (2009). Phenotypic variation in physiological determinants of yield in spring sown safflower under Mediterranean conditions. Field Crop Res 112: 199-204.
Lata TS, Prakash V (1984). Studies on the proteins from safflower seed ( Carthamus tinctorius L.). J Agr Food Chem 32: 1412- 1416.
Levin MD, Butler GD, Rubis DD (1967). Pollination of safflower by insects other than honeybees. J Econ Entomol 60: 1481-1482. Levin M, Butler GD (1966). Bees associated with Safflower in South Central Arizona. J Econ Entomol 59: 654-657.
Li D, Mundel HH (1996). Safflower. Carthamus tinctorius L. In: Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 7. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome. Majidi MM, Tavakoli V, Mirlohi A, Sabzalian MR (2011). Wild safflower species ( Carthamus oxyacantha Bieb.): a possible source of drought tolerance for arid environments. Aust J Crop Sci 5: 1055-1063.
Mayerhofer M, Mayerhofer R, Topinka D, Christianson J, Good AG (2011). Introgression potential between safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius ) and wild relatives of the genus Carthamus . Bmc Plant Biol 11: 47.
McPherson MA, Good AG, Keith C, Topinka A, Hall LM (2004). Theoretical hybridization potential of transgenic safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) with weedy relatives in the New World. Can J Plant Sci 84: 923-934.
Mihoub I, Robert T, Ghashghaie J, Vilatersana R, Lamy F, Benmrid R, Lamothe-Sibold, M, Aid F (2017). Phylogenetic position of two endemic Carthamus species in Algeria and their potential as sources of genes for water use efficiency improvement of safflower. J Syst Evol 55: 34-43.
Mongrand S, Badoc A, Patouille B, Lacomblez C, Chavent M, Bessoule JJ (2005). Chemotaxonomy of the Rubiaceae family based on leaf fatty acid composition. Phytochemistry 66: 549- 559.
Murthy IYLN, Anjani K (2007). Fatty acid composition in Carthamus species. In 7th International Safflower Conference, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia: Directorate of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 (Vol. 30).
Nazari M, Mirlohi A, Majidi MM (2017). Effects of drought stress on oil characteristics of Carthamus species. J Am Oil Chem Soc 94: 247-256.
Nimbkar N (2002). Safflower rediscovered. Times Agricultural Journal 2: 32-36.
Pandey AK, Kumari A (2008). Pollination ecology of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.). In 7th International Safflower Conference. Wagga Wagga, Australia. Patrascoiu M, Rathbauer J, Negrea M, Zeller R (2013). Perspectives of safflower oil as biodiesel source for South Eastern Europe (comparative study: safflower, soybean and rapeseed). Fuel 111: 114-119.
Pavlov DC, Tadorov NA (1996). Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.). In: Smartt J, Nwokolo E, editors. Food and Feed from Legumes and Oilseeds. Boston, MA, USA: Springer USA, pp. 245-257.
Payne WW (1976). Biochemistry and Species Problems in Ambrosia (Asteraceae-Ambrosieae). Plant Syst Evol 125: 169-178.
Peng S, Feng N, Guo M, Chen Y, Guo Q (2008). Genetic variation of Carthamus tinctorius L. and related species revealed by SRAP analysis. Biochem Syst Ecol 36: 531-538.
Rohlf JF (2004). NTSYS-pc: 2.11 Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System. New York, NY, USA: Exeter Software.
Rubis DD, Levin MD, McGregor SE (1966). Effects of honey bee activity and cages on attributes of thin hull and normal safflower lines. Crop Sci 6: 11-14.
Rudra Naik V, Bentur MG, Salimath PM, Parameshwarappa KG (2010). Introgression of non-spiny and high oil content in adapted generations of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.). Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 22: 39-43.
Sabzalian MR, Mirlohi A, Saeidi G, Rabbani MT (2009). Genetic variation among populations of wild safflower, Carthamus oxyacanthus analyzed by agro-morphological traits and ISSR markers. Genet Resour Crop Ev 56: 1057-1064.
Sabzalian MR, Saeidi G, Mirlohi A (2008). Oil content and fatty acid composition in seeds of three safflower species. J Am Oil Chem Soc 85: 717-721.
Sareedenchai V, Zidorn C (2010). Flavonoids as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae. Biochem Syst Ecol 38: 935-957.
Singh V, Nimbkar N (2006). Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.). Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement. New York, NY, USA: CRC, pp. 167-194.
Tarıkahya Hacıoğlu B, Arslan Y, Subaşı İ, Katar D, Bülbül AS, Çeter T (2012). Achene morphology of Turkish Carthamus species. Aust J Crop Sci 6: 1260-1264.
Tarıkahya Hacıoğlu B, Karacaoğlu Ç, Özüdoğru B (2014). The speciation history and systematics of Carthamus (Asteraceae) with special emphasis on Turkish species by integrating phylogenetic and ecological niche modelling data. Plant Syst Evol 6: 1349-1359.
Uher J (1997). Safflower in European horticulture. Proceedings of the IVth International Safflower Conference, Bari, Italy.
Valant-Vetschera KM, Wollenweber E (2001). Exudate flavonoid aglycones in the alpine species of Achillea sect. Ptarmica : chemosystematics of A. moschata and related species (Compositae, Anthemideae). Biochem Syst Ecol 29: 149-159.
Velasco L, Fernandez-Martinez L (2001). Breeding for oil quality in safflower. In Bergman JW, Mundel HH, editors. Proceedings of the 5th International Safflower Conference, Williston, ND, Sidney, MT, USA: pp. 133-137.
Vilatersana R, Garnatje T, Susana A, Garcia-Jacas N (2005). Taxonomic problems in Carthamus (Asteraceae): RAPD markers and sectional classification. Bot J Linn Soc 147: 375- 383.
Vilatersana R, Susana A, Garcia-Jacas N, Garnetje T (2000). Karyology, generic delineation and dysploidy in the genera Carduncellus , Carthamus and Phonus (Asteraceae). Bot J Linn Soc 134: 425-438.
Weiss EA (1983). Oilseed Crops. Tropical Agriculture Series. London, UK: Longmans.
Yeilaghi H, Arzani A, Ghaderian M, Fotovat R, Feizi M, Pourdad SS (2012). Effect of salinity on seed oil content and fatty acid composition of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes. Food Chem 130: 618-625.
Zidorn C (2006). Sesquiterpenoids as chemosystematic markers in the subtribe Hypochaeridinae (Lactuceae, Asteraceae). Biochem Syst Ecol 34: 144-159.
Zidorn C (2008). Sesquiterpene lactones and their precursors as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae. Phytochemistry 69: 2270-2296.
Zidorn C, Gottschlich G, Stuppner H (2002). Chemosystematic investigations on phenolics from flowerheads of Central European taxa of Hieracium sensu lato (Asteraceae). Plant Syst Evol 231: 39-58.
Zidorn C, Stuppner H (2001a). Chemosystematics of taxa from the Leontodon section Oporinia . Biochem Syst Ecol 29: 827-837.
Zidorn C, Stuppner H (2001b). Evaluation of chemosystematic characters in the genus Leontodon (Asteraceae). Taxon 50: 115- 133