Non patojen Fusarium spp.'lerinin Nohutta Fusarium Solgunluğuna Karşı in vitro Koşullarda Antagonistik Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi

Dünyada ve ülkemizde nohut ekimi yapılan alanlarda son yıllarda dikkat çeken önemli hastalıklardan biri de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Padwick (Foc)'in neden olduğu Fusarium solgunluğudur. Bu hastalık nedeniyle ülkemizde nohut ekim alanlarının yaklaşık % 40'ı bulaşık olup, ekonomik olarak önemli ürün kayıplarına neden olmaktadır. Hastalıkla mücadelede dünya genelinde en etkili ve pratik yöntemlerden biri de dayanıklı çeşitlerin kullanılmasıdır. Ancak dayanıklı çeşit kullanımının etkililiği, Foc'ta patojenik ırkların ortaya çıkması ile kısıtlanmaktadır. Nohutta Fusarium solgunluğunun mücadelesinde dayanıklı çeşitlerin kullanımı ile birlikte bakteriyel veya fungal antagonistler de kullanılarak biyolojik mücadele yoluyla hastalık baskılanabilir. Günümüzde non-patojen fusarium izolatları ve farklı forma speciales'leri Fusarium solgunluk hastalıklarının biyolojik mücadelesi için umut verici bir stratejidir. Çalışma nohutta Fusarim solgunluğuna karşı nohut bitkilerinden izole edilen ve patojenisite denemesi sonucunda nonpatojen olan 110 Fusarium spp. izolatının in vitro koşullarda antagonistik etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmış ve çalışmada ikili kültür metodu kullanılmıştır. İkili kültür metodu sonucunda 105 non-patojen Fusarium spp. izolatı Patates Dekstroz Agar (PDA) besi yerinde antagonistik etki göstermiştir. Non-patojen olan Fusarium spp. izolatlarının Fusarium oxysporum’un misel gelişimini en düşük ve en yüksek % 10.0-52.14 arasında engellediği belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, çalışmada kullanılan non-patojen Fusarium izolatlarının Fusarium oxysporum’un misel gelişimini engellemiş olması nedeniyle, bu izolatlar solgunluk hastalığına karşı biyolojik mücadele çalışmalarında önemli bir potansiyel antagonist olarak kullanılabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Ayrıca F.oxysporum’un misel gelişimini engellemede en yüksek antagonistik etki gösteren non-patojen izolatların in vivo koşullarda da denenmesi sonucunda biyolojik mücadele çalışmalarında tek başına ya da diğer biyolojik ajanlarla kullanılması, hastalıkla mücadelede ümitvar sonuçlar verebileceği düşünülmektedir.

Determining of the Antagonist Effects of Non pathogenic Fusarium spp. Againts Fusarium in Chickpea Under in vitro Conditions

One of the most significant diseases in the chickpea cultivation areas in recent years in the world and in Turkey is the Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris Padwick (Foc). Due to this disease, approximately 40% of the chickpea cultivation areas in Turkey are contaminated and this situation causes significant product losses economically. One of the most effective and practical methods for the control of the disease throughout the world is the use of durable varieties. But the efficiency of using durable varieties is limited by the emergence of pathogenic races in Foc. Together with the use of durable varieties in the control of fusarium wilt in chickpea, bacterial or fungal antagonists can also be used and the control of the disease can be more successful through biological control. Today, nonpathogenic fusarium isolates and different formae speciales are a promising strategy in the biological control of the fusarium wilt diseases. The study was conducted to determine the antagonistic effects of 110 Fusarium spp. isolates, isolated from chickpea plants against Fusarium Wilt in Chickpea and found to be non-pathogenic as a result of pathogenicity test, under in vitro conditions and dual culture method was used in the study. As a result of dual culture method, 105 non-pathogenic Fusarium spp. isolates had an antagonist effect in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. It was determined that non-pathogenic Fusarium spp. isolates prevented the mycelial growth of F.oxypsorum with the rate of 10.0% as the lowest and 52.14 % as the highest. According to the results, as the non-pathogenic Fusarium isolates used in the study prevented the mycelial growth of pathogenic fungus, it was considered that these isolates can be used as an important potential antagonist in the biological control studies against wilt disease. Also, as a result of testing the non-pathogenic isolates, with the highest antagonistic effect in preventing the mycelial growth of F.oxysporum, under in vivo conditions, it is considered that its usage in the biological control studies individually or with the other biological agents may produce promising results in the control of the disease.

PDF

___

Abeysinghe, S. 2006. Biological control of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radiciscucumerinum, the causal agent of root and stem rot of Cucumis sativus by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. Ruhuna Journal of Science, 1: 24-31.
Aime, S., Alabouvette, C., Steinberg, C. ve Olivain, C. 2013. The endophytic strain Fusarium oxysporum Fo47: A good candidate for priming the defense responses in tomato roots. MPMI, 26 (8): 918-926.
Alabouvette, C., Lemanceau, P. ve Steinberg, C. 1993. Recent advances in biological control of fusarium wilts. Pesticide Sciences, 37: 365-373.
Altınok, H.H. 2009. Activation of systemic disease resistance by acibenzolar-Smethyl and a non-pathogen Fusarium oxysporum melonis (FOM) strain against Fusarium wilt disease in eggplant seedlings. J. Turk. Phytopath., 38 (1-3): 21-32.
Anonim, 2020a. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (http//:www.faostat.fao. org) (Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2020).
Anonim, 2020b. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri, (http//:www.tuik.gov.tr) (Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2020).
Arıcı, Ş.E. ve Evsen, M.A. 2018. Nohut antraknozu (Ascochyta rabiei)’nun entegre hastalık yönetimi. Erzincan Üniversitesi Erzincan University Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(3): 488- 498.
Atasagun, M. 2009. Konya İlinde Nohut Antraknozu (Ascochyta rabiei (Pass) Labr. )’ nun Durumu ve Mücadele Olanakları. Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Konya.
Basbagci, G., Unal, F., Uysal, A. ve Dolar, S. 2019. Identification and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 causing root rot on chickpea in Turkey. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 17 (2):1007-1019.
Bayraktar, H. ve Dolar, F.S. 2009. Genetic diversity of wilt and root rot pathogens of chickpea, as assessed by RAPD and ISSR. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Forestry, 33: 1-10.
Bayraktar, H. ve Dolar, F.S. 2012. Pathogenic variability of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris isolates from chickpea in Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44 (2): 821- 823.
Benhamou, N., Garand, C. ve Goulet, A. 2002. Ability of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain Fo47 to induce resistance against Pythium ultimum infection in cucumber. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68 (8): 4044-4060.
Cachinero, J.M., Hervas, A., Jimenez-Diaz, R.M. ve Tena, M. 2002. Plant defence reactions against fusarium wilt in chickpea induced by incompatible race 0 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris and nonhost isolates of F. oxysporum. Plant Pathology, 51: 765-776.
Demirci, E., Eken, C. ve Kantar, F. 1999. Pathogenicity of wilt and root rot pathogens of chickpea cv. Aziziye-94. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 28: 25-32.
Dolar, F.S. 1996. Survey of chickpea disease in Ankara. Turkey. International Chickpea and Pigeonpea, 3: 33-34.
Dolar, F.S. 1997. Determination of the races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris in Ankara province of Turkey. Journal of Turkish Phytopathogy, 26 (1): 11-15.
Dubey, S.C., Singh, S.R. ve Singh, B. 2010. Morphological and pathogenic variability of Indian isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris causing chickpea wilt. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 43 (2): 174-190.
Edel-Hermann, V., Aime, S., Cordier, C., Olivain, C., Steinberg, C. ve Alabouvette, C. 2011. Development of a strain specific realtime PCR assay for the detection and quantification of the biological control agent Fo47 in root tissues. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 322 (1):34-40.
Eser, D. 1978. Yemeklik Tane Baklagiller Ders Rotosu. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları. Ankara, 98s.
Fravel, D.R. ve Larkin, R.P. 2002. Reduction of Fusarium wilt of hydroponically-grow basil by Fusarium oxysporum strain CS20. Crop Protection, 21 (7): 539-543.
Fravel, D., Olivain, C. ve Alabouvette, C. 2002. Fusarium oxysporum and its biocontrol. New Phytologist, 157 (3): 493-502.
Fuch, J.G., Moenne, L.Y. ve Defago, G. 1999. Ability of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain Fo47 to protect tomato againts fusarium wilts. Biological Control, 14: 105-110.
Garibaldi, A., Brunatti, F. ve Gullino, M.L. 1986. Suppression of Fusarium wilt of carnation by competitive nonpathogenic strains of Fusaria. Medical Fac Landbouw Rijksuniv Gent, 51 (2): 633-638.
Gerlach, K.S., Bentley, S., Moore, N.Y., Aitken, E.A.B. ve Pegg, K.G. 1999. Investigation of Non-Pathogenic Strains of Fusarium oxysporum for Suppression of Fusarium Wilt of Banana in Australia, 28. In: Alabouvette C, ed. Second International Fusarium Workshop. Dijon, France:INRACMSE, 54.
Hajarpoor, A., Soltani, A., Zeinali, E. ve Sayyedi, F. 2014. Potential benefits from adaptation to climate change in chickpea. TI Journals:Agriculture Science Developments, 3 (7): 230-236.
Haware , M.P., Nene, Y.L. ve Mathur, S.B. 1986. Ascochyta blight . Seed Borne Diseases of Chickpea. Technical Buletin from the Danish Goverment Institute of Seed Pathology for Developing Countries, No:1, Denmark, 15s.
Haware, M.P., Nene, Y.L. ve Natarajan, M. 1996. The survival of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri in the soil in the absence of chickpea. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 35 (1): 9-12.
Hervas, A., Landa, B. ve Jimenez-Diaz, R.M. 1997. Influence of chickpea genotype and Bacillus sp. on protection from Fusarium wilt by seed treatment with nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 103: 631-642.
Hervas, A., Landa, B., Datnoff, L.E. ve JimenezDiaz, R.M. 1998. Effects of commercial and indigenous microorganisms on Fusarium wilt development in chickpea. Biological Control, 13: 166-176.
Honda, M. ve Kawakub, Y. 1998. Control of Fusarium basal rot of rakkyo (Allium chinense) by non-pathogenic Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium oxysporum. Soil Microorganisms, 51: 13-18.
Jimenez-Diaz, R.M., Castillo, P., del Mar JimenezGasco, M., Landa, B.B. ve Navas-Cortes, J.A. 2015. Fusarium wilt of chickpeas: Biology, ecology and management. Crop Protection, 73: 16-27.
Jimenez-Gasco, M.M. ve Jimenez-Diaz, R.M. 2003. Development of a specific polymerase chain reaction based assay for the identification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and its pathogenic races 0, 1A, 5, and 6. Phytopathology, 93: 200-209.
Joshi, M., Srıvastava, R., Sharma, A. K. ve Prakash, A. 2012. Screening of resistant varieties and antagonistic Fusarium oxysporum for biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of chilli. J. Plant Pathol. Microbiology, 3 (5): 1-6.
Katsube, K. ve Akasaka, Y. 1997. Control of Fusarium wilt of spinach by transplanting seedlings pretreated with nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. Japanese Journal of Phytopathology, 63: 389-394.
Katsube, K., Akasaka, Y. ve Nakatani, F. 1994. Biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of spinach by using nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. 2. Investigation of inoculation methods. Annals of Reporter Plant Protection North Japan, 445: 72-75.
Kaur, R., Kaur, J. ve Singh, R.S. 2010. Nonpathogenic Fusarium as a biological control agent. Plant Pathology, 9 (3): 79- 91.
Kaur, R., KauR, J., Sıngh, R.S. ve Alabouvette, C. 2007. Biological control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri by non-pathogenic Fusarium and fluorescent Pseudomonas. Internartıonal Journal of Botany, 3 (1): 114-117.
Landa, B.B., Navas-Cortes, J.A., Hervas, A. ve Jimenez-Diaz, R.M. 2001. Influence of temperature and inoculum density of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris on suppression of Fusarium wilt of chickpea by rhizosphere bacteria. Phytopathology, 91: 807-816.
Landa, B.B., Navas-Cortes, J.A. ve Jimenez-Diaz, R.M. 2004. Integrated management of Fusarium wilt of chickpea with sowing date, host resistance, and biological control. Phytopathology, 94: 946-960.
Larkin, R.P., Hopkins, D.L. ve Martin, F.N. 1993. Ecology of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum in soils suppressive and conducive to Fusarium wilt of watermelon. Phytopathology, 83: 1105- 1116.
Larkin, R.P., Hopkins, D.L. ve Martin, F.N. 1996. Suppression of fusarium wilt of watermelon by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other microorganisms recovered from a disease suppressive soil. Phytopathology, 86: 812-819.
Larkin, R.P. ve Fravel, D.R. 1998. Efficacy of various fungal and bacterial biocontrol organism for control of Fusarium wilt of tomato. Plant Disease, 82: 1022-1028.
Leisso, R., Miller, Z., Jacobsen, B. ve Burrows, M. 2011. Pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. to chickpea seed and seedlings (Cicer arietinum L.). Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 33(3): 400-409.
Lemanceau, P. ve Alabouvette, C. 1991. Biological control of fusarium diseases by fluorescent Pseudomonas and nonpathogenic Fusarium. Crop Protection, 10: 279-286.
Magie, R.O. 1980. Fusarium disease of gladioli controlled by inoculation of corms with non-pathogenic Fusaria. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 93: 172-175.
Mahmoudi, H., Labidi, N., Ksouri, R., Gharsalli, M. ve Abdelly, C. 2007. Differential tolerance to iron deficiency of chickpea varieties and Fe resupply effects. C.R. Biologies 330: 237-246.
Mandeel, Q. ve Baker, R. 1991. Mechanisms involved in biological control of Fusarium wilt of cucumber with strains of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. Phytopathology, 81: 462-469.
Martin, A. 2004. Yerli Nohut Çeşitlerinin Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris Irklarına Karşı Reaksiyonları. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. 42 s.
Minuto, A., Migheli, Q. ve Garibaldi, A. 1995. Evaluation of antagonistic strains of Fusarium spp. in the biological and integrated control of Fusarium wilt of cyclamen. Crop Protection, 14: 221-226.
Minuto, A., Minuto, G., Migheli, Q., Mocioni, M. ve Gullino, M.L. 1997a. Effect of antagonistic Fusarium spp. and of different commercial biofungicide formulations on Fusarium wilt of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Crop Protection, 16: 765-769.
Minuto, A., Migheli, Q. ve Garibaldi, A. 1997b. Evulation of antagonistic strains of Fusarium spp. in the biological and integreated control of fusarium wilt of cyclamen. Crop Protection, 14: 221-226.
Nel, B., Steinberg, C., Labuschagne, N. ve Viljoen, A. 2006. The potential of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other biological control organisms for suppressing Fusarium wilt of banana. Plant Pathology, 55: 217-223.
Nelson, P.E., Toussoun T.A. ve Marasas, W.F.O. 1983. Fusarium Species. An Illustrated Manual for Identification. University Park, PA, USA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 193 pp.
Nene, Y.L., Sheila, V.K. ve Sharma, S.B. 1996. A World List of Chickpea and Pigeonpea Pathogens. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru 502 324, India, 27 s.
Ogawa, K. ve Komada, H. 1984. Biological control of Fusarium wilt of sweet potato by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. Japanese Journal of Phytopathology, 50: 1-9.
Ogawa, K. ve Komada, H. 1985. Biological control of Fusarium wilt of sweet potato with cross-protection by prior inoculation with nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 19 (1) :20-25.
Patil, U., Srıram, S. ve Savıtha, M.J. 2011. Evaluation of non-pathogenic Fusarium for antagonistic activity against Fusarium wilt of tomatos. Journal of Biological Control, 25 (2): 118-123.
Paulitz, T.C., Park, C. S. ve Baker, R. 1987. Biological control of Fusarium wilt of cucumber with non-pathogenic isolatesof Fusarium oxysporum. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 33 (5): 349-353.
Peters, R.D. ve Grau, C.R. 2002. Inoculation with nonpathogenıc Fusarium solani increases severity of pea root rot caused by Aphanomyces euteiches. Plant Disease, 86: 411-414.
Postma, J. ve Rattink, H. 1992. Biological control of Fusarium wilt of carnation with a nonpathogenic isolate of Fusarium oxysporum. Canadian Journal of Botany, 70: 1199-1205.
Raghunandan, B.L., Naik, L.K ve Shivaprakash, M.K. 2014. Studies on non-pathogenic Fusarium Spp. for their biocontrol activity against Fusarium wilt pathogen of watermelon under in vitro. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 48 (1): 16-23.
Rouxel, F., Alabouvette, C. ve Louvet, J. 1979. Recherches sur la resistance des sols aux maladies. IV – Mise en evidence du role des Fusarium autochtones dans la resistance dun sol ala Fusariose vasculaire du Melon. Annales de Phytopathologie, 11: 199-207.
Schneider, R.W. 1984. Effects of nonpathogenic strains of Fusarium oxysporum on celery root infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii and a novel use of the line weaver-burk double reciprocal plt technique. Phytopathology, 74: 646-653.
Shishido, M., Mıwa, C., Usami, T., Amemiya, Y. ve Johnson, K. B. 2005. Biological control efficiency of Fusarium wilt of tomato by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum FoB2 in different environments. Phytopathology, 95 (9): 1072-1080.
Singh, K.B. ve Reddy, M.V. 1996. Improving chickpea yield by incorporating resistance to Ascochyta blight. Theoretical Applied Genetics, 92: 509- 515.
Singh, R.S., Kaur, J., Kaur, R. ve Alabouvette, C. 2002a. Effect of amendment with farm yard manure on biocontrol potentiality of nonpathogenic Fusarium against chickpea wilt. Plant Disease, 17: 207- 207.
Singh, R.S., Kaur, J., Kaur, R. ve Alabouvette, C. 2002b. The Role of nonpathogenic Fusarium in biocontrol of Fusarium wilts. University of Mysore, Mysore, 150- 151.
Tamietti, G. ve Alabouvette, C. 1986. Resistance de sols aux maladies: XIII-Role des Fusarium oxysporum non pathogenes dans les mecanismes de resistance dun sol de noirmoutier aux fuseieses vascularies. Agronomie, 6: 541-548.
Tamietti, G. ve Pramotton, R. 1990. La receprivite des sols aux fusarioses vasculaires: Rapports entre resistance et microllore aotuchtone avec reference particuliere aux Fusarium non pathogens. Agronomie, 10: 69-76.
Tezuka, N. ve Makino, T. 1991. Biological control of Fusarium wilt of strawberry by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum isolated from strawberry. Annals of Phytopathology Society of Japan, 57: 506–511.
Thongkamngam, T. ve Jaenaksorn, T. 2017. Fusarium oxysporum (F221-B) as biocontrol agent against plant pathogenic fungi in vitro and in hydroponics. Plant Protect. Science, 53 (2): 85-95.
Trapero-Casas, A. ve Jimenez-Diaz, R.M. 1985. Fungal wilt and root rot disease of chickpea in Southern Spain. Phytopathology, 75: 1146-1151.
Yiğit, F. 2001. Common Names of some plant diseases and their cavsal agents. Selçuk üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Bitki Koruma Bölümü, Konya.
Yiğit, F., Arıkan, K. ve Balaban, Y.Y. 2007. Patojen olmayan Fusarium türleri ile domateste Fusarium kök çürüklüğü hastalığının biyolojik kontrolü üzerinde bir araştırma. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 21 (42): 59-63.