GAP Bölgesi Koşullarında Hibrit Atdişi Mısıra (Zea mays indentata Sturt.) Uygulanan Farklı Azot Gübresi Seviyelerinin Tane Verimi ile Kalitesi ve Yaprağın Klorofil İçeriklerine Etkisi

En önemli makro elementlerden olan azot (N), yüksek biyokütleye sahip mısır bitkisinin verim ve kalitesinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin GAP Bölgesi’nde 2019 ve 2020 yılları arasında hibrit atdişi mısırın tane verimi ile kalitesi ve yaprağın klorofil içeriği üzerine farklı azot gübresi seviyelerinin etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Deneme tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak düzenlenmiştir. Çalışmada, orta erkenci (FAO 600-650) olum grubunda olan hibrit atdişi mısır çeşidine farklı azot (N) dozları (0, 100, 200, 300 ve 400 kg ha-1 ) uygulanmıştır. Yapılan istatistiki analizler sonucunda iki yıl ortalamalarına göre, incelenen özelliklerde yıllar ve azot seviyeleri arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli farklar elde edilmiştir. Yılların ortalama sonuçlarına göre, bitki boyu (BB, cm), klorofil içeriği (Kİ, SPAD), tane verimi (TV, kg ha-1 ) ve tane protein oranı (TPO, %) sırasıyla 219.43 (N0) – 291.91 (N300), 32.90 (N0) – 56.75 (N400), 7791.22 (N0) – 15461.18 (N300) ve 7.93 (N0) – 10.76 (N400) arasında değişmiştir. Araştırmanın birinci yılına nazaran ikinci yılında yaşanan çevresel stres koşullarından (yüksek sıcaklık ve düşük nisbi nem) dolayı, bitkilerin gelişimi olumsuz etkilenirken, TPO değerleri olumlu etkilenmiştir. Azot seviyeleri ile TV ve Kİ arasında yapılan regresyon analizinde, yüksek önemli ve quatratic ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Optimum tane verimi N300 uygulamasında elde edilmiştir. Koçan tane doldurma dönemi (KTDD)’de klorofil içerikleri 50 SPAD değerlerini geçmiştir.

The Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer Applied on The Grain Yield and Quality, and Chlorophyll Contents of Leaf in Hybrid Dent Corn ( Zea mays indentata Sturt.) under The GAP Region Conditions

The Nitrogen (N), one of the most important macro elements, has an important place in the yield and quality of the corn plant having high biomass. This study was conducted to determine the effects different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and quality, and chlorophyll content of leaf of hybrid dent corn between 2019 and 2020 in GAP Region of Turkey. Field trial was designed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. In the study, different nitrogen (N) doses such as 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg ha-1 were applied to the hybrid dent corn which is in the moderate early in the FAO (600-650) maturity classes. According to the two-year averages statistically significant differences were found between years and nitrogen levels in terms of investigated traits. According to combined years results, plant height (PH, cm), chlorophyll content (CC, SPAD), grain yield (GY, kg ha-1 ), and grain protein ratio (GPR,%) were ranged from 219.43 (N0) – 291.91 (N300), 32.90 (N0) – 56.75 (N400), 7791.22 (N0) – 15461.18 (N300), and 7.93 (N0) – 10.76 (N400) respectively. Due to the environmental stress conditions such as high heat and low relative humidity experienced in the second year compared to the first year of the study, while the growth of the plants was affected negatively, the GPR values were affected positively. Highly significant and quatratic relationships were determined in the regression analysis performed between nitrogen levels and GY and CC. Optimum grain yield was obtained in N300 application. Chlorophyll content exceeded 50 SPAD values in the cob grain filling period (CGFP).

PDF

___

Adeniyan, O.N. 2014. Effect of different population densities and fertilizer rates on the performance of different maize varieties in two rain forest agro ecosystems of South. West Nigeria. Afr, J. Plant Science, 8 (8): 410-415.
Ahmadu, I.A. 2014. Performance of extra-early maize (Zea mays L.) varieties as influenced by rate of nitrogen and intra-row spacing. M. Sc. Thesis, pp.23-45
Ahmad, S., Khan, A. A., Kamran, M., Ahmad, I., Ali, S., Fahad, S. 2018. Response of maize cultivars to various nitrogen levels. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 8 (1-2): 1-4.
Anonim. 2020. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Bit kisel-Uretim-Istatistikleri-2020- 33737&dil=1 Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2020.
Anonim. 2021. Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (FAO) Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC,E rişim tarihi: 01.03.2021.
Argenta, G., Silva, P.R.F., Sangoi, L. 2004. Leaf relative chlorophyll content as an indicator parameter to predict nitrogen fertilization in maize. Journal of Santa Maria, 34 (5): 1379- 1387.
Blackmer, T.M., Schepers, J.S. 1995. Use of a chlorophyll meter to monitor N status and schedule fertigation of corn. Journal of Production Agriculture, 8(3): 56–60.
Chapman, S.C., Barreto, H.J. 1995. Using a chlorophyll meter to estimate specific leaf nitrogen of tropical maize during vegetative growth. Agronomy Journal, 89: 557–562
Chen, K., Camberato, J.J., Vyn, T.J. 2017. Maize grain yield and kernel component relationships to morphophysiological traits in commercial hybrids separated by four decades. Journal of Crop Science, 57:1–17.
Dawadi, D.R., Sah, S.K. 2012. Growth and yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) in relation to planting density and nitrogen levels during winter season in Nepal. Tropical Agricultural Research, 23(3): 218–227 https://doi.org/10.4038/tar.v23i3.4659
Davies, B., Coulter, J.A., Paulo, H.P. 2020. Timing and rate of nitrogen fertilization influence maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency. PlosOne, 2:1-19, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233 674
El-Hosary, A.A., Hammam, G.Y., El-Gedwy, E.S.M., El-Hosary, A.A.A., Sidi, M.E. 2019. Response of white maize hybrids to various nitrogen fertilizer rates in Qalyubia, Egypt. Bioscience Research, 16(3): 2475-2485.
Eyasu, E., Shanka, D., Dalga, D., Elias, E. 2018. Yield response of maize (Zea mays L.) varieties to row spacing under irrigation at Geleko, Ofa Woreda, Wolaita Zone, and Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 20 (1): 1 -10.
Gholizadeh, A., Saberioon, M., Boruvka, L., Wayayok, A., Wayayok, A., Soom M.A.M. 2017. Leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen dynamics and their relationship to lowland rice yield for site-specific paddy management. Information Processing in Agriculture, 4(3): 259–268.
Gupta, N., Ram, H., Kumar B. 2016. Mechanism of zinc absorption in plant: uptake, transport, translocation and accumulation. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 15:89-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1157- 016-9390-1
Jaynes, D.B. 2013. Nitrate loss in subsurface drainage and corn yield as affected by timing of sidedress nitrogen. Agriculture Water Manage, 130: 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.08.01 0
Josipovic, M., Plavsic, H., Kovacevic, V., Markovic, M., Iljkic, D. 2014. Impacts of irrigation and genotype on yield, protein, starch and oil contents in grain of maize inbred lines. Genetika Journal, 46(1): 243-253.
Kandil, A.A., Attia, A.N., EL-Moursy, S.A., AbdElnaby, M.M. 2016. Yielding and growth parameters of maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by different foliar and nitrogen soil fertilization. Advanced Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4 (3):13-34.
Liu, C., Yao, Z., Wang, K., Zheng, X. 2015. Efects of increasing fertilization rates on nitric oxide emission and nitrogen use efciency in low carbon calcareous soil. Agriculture Ecosystem Environment, 203: 83–92.
Marković, M., Josipović, M., Šoštarić, J., Jambrović, A., Brkić, A. 2017. Response of maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield and yield components to irrigation and nitrogen fertilization. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 18 (1): 55-72.
Rashid, M.T., Voroney, P., Parkin, G. 2005. Predicting nitrogen fertilizer requirements for corn by chlorophyll meter under different N availability conditions. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 85(1): 147-159. https://doi.org/10.4141/S04-005
Sapkota, A., Shrestha, R.K., Chalise, D. 2017. Response of maize to the soil application of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 5(4): 537-541.
Scott, J.T., Lambie, S.M., Stevenson, B.A., Schipperc, L.A., Parfittd, R.L., McGillb, A.C. 2015. Carbon and nitrogen leaching under high and low phosphate fertility pasture with increasing nitrogen inputs. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 202(1): 139– 147.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.12.021 Sharanabasappa, H.C., Basavanneppa, M.A., Koppalkar, B.G. 2017. Productivity of quality protein maize (Zea mays L.) and soil fertility as influenced by plant population and fertilizer levels under irrigated ecosystem. Int. J. Adv. Biol. Res., 7 (3): 504-508.
Sidi, M.E., El Hosary, A.A., Hammam, G.Y., ElGedwy El Saeed, M., El-Hosary, A.A.A. 2019. Maize hybrids yield potential as affected by plant population density in Qalyubia, Egypt. Bioscience Research, 16(2):1565-1576.
Sindelar, A.J., Coulter, J.A., Lamb, J.A., Vetsch, J.A. 2015. Nitrogen, stover and tillage management affect nitrogen use efficiency in continuous corn. Agronomy Soil Environment Qual., 107: 843–850. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0535
Ten Berge, H.F., Hijbeek, R., Marloes, P., Van Loon, J.R., Tesfaye, K., Zingore, S., Craufurd, P., Van Heerwaarden, J., Brentrup, F., Schroder, J.J., Boogaard, H.L. 2019. Maize crop nutrient input requirements for food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Global Food Security, 23:9–21.
Tsai, C.Y., Dweikat, I., Huber, D.M., Warren, H.L. 1992. Interrelationship of nitrogen nutrition with maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield, nitrogen use effiiency and grain quality. Journal Science Food Agriculture, 58: 1–8.
Worku, A., Derebe, B., Bitew, Y., Chakelie, G., Andualem, M. 2020. Response of maize (Zea mays L.) to nitrogen and planting density in Jabitahinan district, Western Amhara region. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 6(1): 1770405.
Zeleke, A., Alemayehu, G., Yihenew, G.S. 2018. Effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer rate on yield and yield related traits of maize (Zea mays L.) in Northwestern, Ethiopia. Advances in Crop Science and Technology, 6 (2): 1 -5.