The Role and Impacts of Growth Hormones in Maximizing Animal Production- A review

The purpose of the study is to examine the role and impacts of growth hormone in maximizing animal products. Growth hormones are biological stimulants that are found either naturally in the organism or synthetically manufactured. Phytoestrogens, phytoprogestrons and Phenolic compounds are hormones from plants. Drugs from of placenta and colostrums of cow`s contain progesterone, estrogene, gonadotropin, and prostaglandins hormones. Growth hormones have got popular applications in dairy, beef, feed improvement and Biopharmaceutical productions with the aim of producing valuable products: fat free meat (Porcine Somatotropin hormone in pigs), nutritionally and medicinally reach milk (Bovine Somatotropin hormone in cattle), palatable and disease and insect pest resistant forage crop production. They have got also contribution in maximizing livestock production by involving in adjusting animals’ reproductive process such as oestrus synchronization and superovulation mainly during artificial insemination and embryo transfer. Controversially, these hormones have wide impacts on human being, animal welfare, environment and etc. Contamination of ground water by hormones that are found in the animals` excreta will cause deleterious effects such as cancer, loss of fertility, and some imbalance of minerals in the water and soil.

PDF

___

Amoo SO, Ayisire, BE. 2005. Induction of callus and somatic embryogenesis from cotyledon explants of Parkia biglobosa. Africa Journal of Biotechnology, 4: 548-553.

Avery A, Avery D. 2007. The Environmental Safety and Benefits of Phar-maceutical Technologies in Beef Production. Center for Global Food Issues, Churchill, VA, and http://www.cgfi.org/pdfs/nofollow/beef-eco-benefitspaper.pdf.

Bettina S, Andreas D, Karsten M, Heinrich HD. Meyer. 2001. The Fate of Trenbolone Acetate and Melen.gestrol Acetate after Application as Growth Promoters in Cattle. Environmental Studies. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(11): 1145-51.

Binder GN, Wittekindt, Ranke MB. 2007. Noonan Syndrome: Genetics and Responsiveness to Growth Hormone Therapy, Horm Res, 67: 45–49.

Burrin. 1997. Book Review: Membrane Protein Models. Centre for Agriculture and Environmental Research (CAERT). 2006. Growth promoters in animal production.

Coleman A. 1996. Production of proteins in the milk of transgenic livestock: problems, solutions and success. Am J Clin Nutr, 63: 39–45.

Cottom, Wright GA, Carver D. 1991. High level expression of active human alpha-1-antitrypsin in the milk of transgenic sheep. Biotechnology, 9: 830-834.

Davis RK, Orndorff HA, Peterson EW. 2000. 17β–estradiol as an indicator of animal waste contamination in mantled karst aquifers. J Environ Qual, 29: 826–834.

Doyle E. 2000. Human Safety of Hormone Implants Used to Promote Growth in Cattle. A Review of the Scientific Literature, FRI Briefings Food Research Institute, 1-24.

Driancourt MA. 2001. Regulation of ovarian follicular dynamics in farm animals. Implications for manipulation of reproduction. Theriogenology sciences direct, 56 (6): 1211-1239.

Durhan EJ, Lambright CS, Makynen EA, Lazorchak J, Jartig PC, Wilson VS, Gray LE, Ankley GT. 2006. Identification of metabolites of trenbolone acetate in androgenic runoff from a beef feedlot. Environ HealthPerspect, 114(l1): 65-68

European Commission, Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare. 1999. Report of the (European Union) Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare on Aspects of the Use of Bovine Somatotropin. Seidel GE.1984. Applications of Embryo Transfer and Related Technologies to Cattle. J Dairy Sci, 67: 2786-2796.

Gana AS. 2010. The role of synthetic growth hormones in crop multiplication and improvement. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10:10330-10334.

Growth Hormones in Food. 2011. 20th November. Habbibulin RI. 1998. Colostrum extracts for synchronization of heifer estrus. Zootechnia. 41-47.

Harlow S. 2002. Where have all the heifers gone? Dairy Business Communications. Available online at http://www.dairybusiness.com/northeast/Feb02/Feb02NED Bp16.htm.

Houdebine LM. 2000. Transgenic animal bioreactors. Transgenic Res, 9:305-320.http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/ program/section5/5ch2/s5ch2_19.htm.

Huber J.2000. Phytoestrogens and Serms, alternatives to classical hormones therapy. Ther.Umsch, 651-654.

Hunter RA. 2010. Hormonal growth promotant use in the Australian beef industry, Beef Production Science, 50: 637-659

Jaime A, Texixeir DS. 2003. Thin cell layer technology forage crop micropropagation and Biotechnology. Africa Journal of Biotechnology, 2: 683-691.

Juskevich JC, Guyer CG. 1990. Bovine growth hormone: human food safety evaluation Sciences, 249 (4971): 875-884.

Khan SJ, Roser DJ, Davies CM, Peters GM, Stuetz RM, Tucker R, Ashbolt N. 2008a. Chemical contaminants in feedlot wastes: Concentrations, effects and attenuation. Environment International, 34: 839-859.

Kistanova E, Kolev A, Karcheva V, Hrjanin N. 2001. The study of pant hormones gibberlin A on motility and livability of ram and bull spermatozoids. Animal sciences, 90-93.

Kistanova E. 2003. The use of biologically active substances from plant and animals products for the stimulation of the reproduction in domestic animals. Journal of biotechnology in animal husbandry, 19: 1-92.

Kolev A, Hrjanin N, Kistanova E, Karcheva V. 2000. Effect of plant hormone gibberlin A on some quality parameters of fresh and stored ram`s sperm. 6thIntern. Symposium on animal reproduction, Ohrid, Proceed, 68.

Kolodziej EP, Harter T, Sedlak DL. 2004. Dairy wastewater, aquaculture, and spawning fish as sources of steroid hormones in the aquatic environment. Environ Sci Technol, 38: 6377–6384.

Kolok AS, Sellin K. 2008. The environmental impact of growthpromoting compounds employed by the United States beef cattle industry: history, current knowledge, and future directions. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 195: 1-30.

Kolpin DW. 2002. Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999- 2000: National Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999-2000: A National Reconnaissance, Environ. Sci. Technol, 36: 1202- 1211

Lange IG, Daxenberger A, Meyer HHD, Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE, Veeramachaneni DNR.2002a. Quantitative assessment of foetal exposure to trenbolone acetate, zeranol and melengestrol acetate, following maternal dosing in rabbits. Xenobiotica, 32:8; 641-651.

Le bail JC, Champavier Y, Chulia AJ, Habrioux G. 2000. Effect of phytoestrogens on aromatase, 3 beta and 17betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities and human breast cancer cells. Life Science, 66: 81-91.

Lee LS, Sassman SA, Khan B. 2008b. Degradation of synthetic androgens 17α- and 17β-trenbolone and trendione in agricultural soils. Envrion Sci Technol, 42: 3570-3574.

Lindsley N, Bartholomew, Edwin F, Martini, Frederic, Judi. 2009. Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc, 616–617.

Madan ML. 2002. Biotechnologies in animal reproduction. Key note address at international conference on animal biotechnology, Tamilnadu Vaterinary and Animal Science University, Chennai.

Mader TL, Gaughan JB, Kreikemeier WM. 2005. Hormonal growth promotant effects on grain-fed cattle under different environments. International Journal of Biometeorology, 49: 396-402.

Marin, Pozza AG, Gottardo F. 2008. Administration of dexamethasone per os in finishing bulls. II. Effects on blood parameters used as indicators of animal welfare. Animal, 2: 1080-1086.

Metzler M, feiffer EP. 2001. Genotoxic potential of xenobiotic growth promoters and their metabolites. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica Immunologica Scandinavica, 109: 89-95.

Meyer HHD, Lange IG, Daxenberger A, Schiffer B, Witters H, Ibarreta D. 2002. Sex hormones originating from different livestock production systems: fate and potential disrupting activity in the environment. Anal Chim Acta, 473: 27–37.

Murray JD, Maga EA.1999. Changing the composition and properties of milk. In: Murray JD, Anderson GB, Oberbauer AM, McGloughlin MM (eds.). Transgenic Animals in Agriculture. Wallingham, UK: CAB International, 304.

NAAB (National Association of Animal Breeders). 1999. Breakthroughs in biotechnology: research equips producers with an array of genetic improvement tools. In Electronic Resource Guide, Available online at www.naabcss.org/education/biotech/html. National Research Council 2002. Animal Biotechnology. National Academic Press. 2002. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/ 10418. html.pdf.

National Research Council. 2002. Animal Biotechnology. National Academic Press. 2002; (http://www.nap.edu/catalog/ 10418.htm).

National Residue Program (NRP). 2006. USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science. Dec, 2007.

Palfii UV, Malik OG. 1998. The problem of secondary compounds in plant and animal industries. Agricultural biology, 10-14.

Pandey UK, Birthal PS, Kumar A, Ravi Shankar A. 1999. Sources of growth in the livestock sector. National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, Policy paper No. 9New Delhi, PP58.

Sansone G, Nastri MJF, Fabbrocini A. 2000. Storage of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) semen. Anim. Reprod. Sci, 62: 55-76.

Scarth JP. 2006. Modulation of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis by pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and environmental xenobiotics: an emerging role for xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and the transcription factors regulating their expression. A review". Xenobiotica, 36: 119–218.

Schmitt EJ, Diaz PT, Drost M, Thatcher WW. 1996. Use of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist or human chorionic gonadotropin for timed insemination in cattle. J. Anim. Sci, 1084-1091.

Shubbina LA. 1995. The methods of improvement of the fertility of high productive cows, 240.

Shubina LA, Shubbin AA, Antovova FK, Kudrjavceva VN, Novikova VA. 1996. Preparation of high productive cows to an insemination.-Zootehnia, 26-29.

Speksnijder G, Baugh LR, Morris JA, Ivarie R, Harvey AJ. 2002. Expression of exogenous protein in the egg white of transgenic chickens. Nat. Biotechnol, 20: 96-399.

Sudharsan S. 2006. Biotechnology in Animal Production, technical digest, issue number, 9, P4.

Thigpen J.E, Setchell KD, Ahlmark KB, Locklear J, Walmer T, Spahr T, Caviness GF, Goeiz MF, Haseman JK, Newbold RR, Forsythe DB. 1999. Phytoestrogen content of purified, poen and closed formula laboratory animal diets. Lab Anim Sci, 49(5):530-6.

United Kingdom Veterinary Products Committee (UK VPC). 2006. Report of the Veterinary Products Committee. Risks associated with the use of hormonal substances in foodproducing animals.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2000. Part I: Baseline Reference of Feedlot Management Practices, USDA. APHIS: VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System.

Yajima S, Lammers MM, D'Souza U, Qin ZH, Lee SH. 1999. Mouradian Regulation of striatal dopamine receptors by estrogen Synapse, 34: 222-227.