Herbisit Uygulamaları Yapılan Amaranthus retroflexus L. Bitkilerinden Elde Edilen Tohumların Çimlenme Özellikleri

Şeker pancarı yetiştiriciliğinde Amaranthus retroflexus L. önemli yabancı otlardan biridir. Çalışmada, ekim öncesi chloridazon (C), çıkış öncesi ve sonrası metamitron (M) ile çıkış sonrası ethofumesate + phenmedipham + desmedipham + lenacil (EPDL) etkili maddeli herbisitlerin ve bazı kombinasyonlarının uygulanması sonucu hayatta kalan A. retroflexus bitkilerinden toplanan tohumların çimlenme kapasitelerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toplam çimlenme oranı (%), normal/anormal çimlenme oranı (%), ortalama çimlenme zamanı (gün) ve tohum ağırlığı (g) parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak; chloridazon + ethofumesate + phenmedipham + desmedipham + lenacil 2, chloridazon + metamitron (çıkış sonrası) ve metamitron (çıkış öncesi) + metamitron (çıkış sonrası) kombinasyonlarına maruz kalan A. retroflexus bitkilerinin uygulama yapılmamış bitkilerden toplanan tohumlara kıyasla çimlenme özellikleri önemli ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Çimlenme özellikleri bakımından, en düşük toplam çimlenme oranı %85 ile metamitron (çıkış öncesi) + metamitron (çıkış sonrası) kombinasyonundan elde edilmiştir.

Germination Behavior of Seeds Obtained from Herbicide-treated Amaranthus retroflexus L. Plants

Amaranthus retroflexus L. is among the important weeds in sugar beet. The aim of this study was to determine the germination capacities of the seeds obtained from A. retroflexus plants, who survived after the application of chloridazon (C), metamitron (M) and ethofumesate + phenmedipham + desmedipham + lenacil (EPDL) herbicides and some combinations. Parameters of total germination rate (%), normal/abnormal germination rate (%), mean germination time (day) and seed weight (g) were defined. As a result, germination characteristics of A. retroflexus plants exposed to chloridazon + ethofumesate + phenmedipham + desmedipham + lenacil 2, chloridazon + metamitron (postemergence) and metamitron (pre-emergence) + metamitron (post-emergence) combinations were significantly affected compared to the seeds obtained from the untreated plants. In terms of germination characteristics, the lowest total germination rate (85%) was found in metamitron (preemergence) + metamitron (post-emergence) combination.

PDF

___

Akar A, Öğüt Yavuz D. 2018. Uşak ili şeker pancarı (Beta vulgaris L.) ekim alanlarında erken dönemde sorun oluşturan yabancı otların tür ve yoğunluklarının belirlenmesi. Akademia Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, ICAE 2018 Özel Sayı: 194-203.
Akça A. 2014. Kayseri ili şeker pancarı (Beta vulgaris L.) ekiliş alanlarında bulunan yabancı otların tespiti ve yabancı ot kontrolü için kritik periyodun belirlenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
Andersson L. 1994. Effects of MCPA and tribenuronmethyl on seed production and seed size of annual weeds. Swed J Agr Res., 24: 42-56.
Basavarajappa B, Shetty HS, Prakash HS. 1991. Membrane deterioration and other biochemical changes associated with accelerated ageing of maize seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 19: 279-286.
Baskin JM, Baskin CC. 1988. Germination ecophysiology of herbaceous plant species in a temperate region. American Journal of Botany, 75(2): 286-305.
Bekker RM, Bakker JP, Grandin U, Kalamees R, Milberg P, Poschlod P, Thompson K, Willems JH. 1998. Seed size, shape and vertical distribution in the soil: indicators of seed longevity. Functional Ecology, 12: 834-842.
Bınıak BM, Aldrıc RJ. 1986. Reducing velvetleaf (Abutilon theopbrasti) and giant foxtail (Setaria feberi) seed production with simulated - roller herbicide applications. Weed Sci 34: 256-259.
Christen O. 1999. Nachhaltige Landwirtschaft. Von der Ideengeschichte zur Praktischen Umsetzung. Institut für Landwirtschaft und Umwelt. Bonn.
Cioni F, Maines G. 2010. Weed Control in Sugar beet. Sugar Tec. 12(3-4): 243-255.
Costea M, Weaver S, Tardif F. 2004. The Biology Of Canadian Weeds, 130. Amaranthus retroflexus L., A. powellii S. Watson and A. hybridus L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 84(2): 631 -668.
Çal G. 2013. Sakarya ili şeker pancarı tarlalarında görülen önemli yabancı ot türleri, yoğunlukları ve rastlanma sıklıklarının belirlenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi. Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tekirdağ.
Das G, Sen Mandi S. 1992. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining pattern of differentially aged wheat seed embryos. Seed Science and Technology, 20: 367-373.
Demir I, Ermiş S, Mavi K, Matthews S. 2008. Mean germination time of pepper seed lots (Capsicum annuum L.) predicts size and uniformity of seedlings in germination tests and transplant modules. Seed Science and Technology, 36: 21 -30
Dhawan RS. 2007. Weed seed dynamics as affected by crop cover. Indian Journal of Weed Sci., 39: 245-247.
Don R. 2003. Haandbook on Seedling Evaluation, 3rd edn, ISTA, Basserdorf, Switzerland.
Fawcett RS, Slife FW. 1978. Effects of 2, 4–D and Dalapon on weed seed production and dormancy. Weed Sci., 26: 543-547.
Forcella F, Benech Arnold RL, Sanchez RA, Ghersa CM. 2000. Modelling seedling emergence. Field Crops Res., 67(2): 123-139.
Frank LY, Ralph EW. 1987. Efficacy of post harvest herbicides on Russian Thistle (Salsola iberica) control and seed germination. Weed Sci., 35: 554–559.
Ganguli S, Sen Mandi, S. 1990. Some physiological differences between naturally and artificially aged wheat seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 18: 507-514.
Grundy AC, Jones NE. 2002. What is the weed seed bank? (ed. Naylor REL.). Weed Management Handbook. Blackwell Science and BCPC. Oxford. 39-62. ISBN: 0632057327.
Gürsoy OV. 2002. Orta Anadolu bölgesi şeker pancarı ekim alanlarında sorun olan yabancı otlar ve bunlara karşı uygun savaş yöntemlerinin belirlenmesi. Doktora tezi.
Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı, Tokat
Haidar MA, Gharib C, Sleiman FT. 2010. Survival of weed seeds subjected to sheep rumen digestion. Weed Research, 50: 467- 471.
Heidari G, Nasab AD, Javanshor A, Khoie FR, Moghaddam M. 2006. Influence of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) emergence time and density on yield and quality of two sugar beet cultivars. J Food Agric Environ, 5(3-4):261 -266.
Hossain MM. 2014. Yield response of mustard as influenced by weed management practice under conservation agriculture system. Bangladesh J Weed Sci., 4(5):87-92.
Isaacs MA, Edward CM, Joe ET, Susan UW. 1989. Effects of late season herbicide applications on sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) seed production and viability. Weed Sci., 37: 761-765.
ISTA. 1996. International Rules for Seed Testing. Seed Science and Technology, 13: 299-513.
Kordali Ş. 2002. Bayburt ili arpa, buğday, mercimek ve şeker pancarı tarlalarında görülen yabancı otlar, yoğunlukları, topluluk oluşturma durumları ve tohumların ürüne karışma oranları üzerinde araştırmalar. Doktora Tezi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzurum
Kriticos DJ, Sutherst RW, Brown JR, Adkin SW, Maywald GF. 2003. Climate changes and potential distribution of an invasive alien plant: Accacia nelotica spp. Indica in Australis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 40: 111 -124.
Marcos Filho J. 2015. Seed vigor testing: an overview of the past, present and future perspective. Scientia Agricola, 72(4): 363- 374.
Matthews S. 1985. Physiology of seed ageing. Outlook on Agriculture, 14: 89-94.
May JM, Wilson RG. 2006. Weed and weed control. In Sugar beet. London. 359-386.
May M. 2001. Crop protection in sugar beet. Pestic Outlook, 12(5):188-191.
McDonald MB. 1999. Seed deterioration: physiology, repair and assessment. Seed Science and Technology, 27: 177-237.
McLachlan SM, Murphy SD, Tollenaar M, Weise SF, Swanton CJ. 1995. Light limitation of reproduction and variation in the allometric relationship between reproductive and vegetative biomass in Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed). Journal of Applied Ecology, 32 (1):157-165.
Nuugulu LM. 2013. Growth and Physiological Response of Amaranth Seedlings to Temperature and Drought Stress. Magister Scientiae Agriculturae. University of the Free State Bloemfonteın. 127-128.
Oryokot JOE, Murphy SD, Thomas AG, Swanton CJ. 1997. Temperature and moisture dependent models of seed germination and shoot elongation in green and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus powellii, A. retroflexus). Weed Sci., 45(4):488-496.
Qi Y, Guan X, Yan B, Du LS, Fu G, Qiao MP, Li, JS. 2016. Seed germination and seedling growth of seed from velvetleaf treated by herbicides. China Environmental Sci., 36: 2495- 2504.
Qi Y, Li J, Fu G, Zha C, Guan X, Yan B, Ren B. 2018. Effects of sublethal herbicides on offspring germination and seedling growth: Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) vs. velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Science of the Total Environment, 645: 543-549.
Schonbeck MW, Egley GH. 1981. Changes in sensitivity of Amaranthus retroflexus L. seeds to ethylene during preincubation, II. Effect of alternating temperature and burial in soil. Plant Cell Environment, 4: 237-242.
Schwizer EE, May MJ. 1993. Weeds and weed control. In Cooke, D.A. and Scott, R.K. (eds). The Sugar Beet Crop: Science into Practice. Chapman and Hall. London. 485-519.
Shuma JM, Quıck WA, Raju MVS, Hsıao AI. 1995. Germination of seeds from plants of Avena fatua L. treated with glyphosate. Weed Res., 35: 249-255.
Tanveer A, Nadeem MA, Ali A, Tahir M, Zamir MSI. 2009. Germination behaviour of seeds from herbicide treated plants of Chenopodium album L. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences. 81(4): 873-879.
Tanveer A, Tasneem M, Khalıq A, Javaıd MM, Chaudhry MN. 2013. Influence of seed size and ecological factors on the germination and emergence of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). Planta Daninha, 31(1): 39-51.
Tursun N, Tursun AÖ, Kaçan K. 2003. Kahramanmaraş ili ve ilçelerinde şekerpancarı ekim alanlarında sorun olan yabancı otların belirlenmesi. KSU Journal of Science and Engineering, 6(2):117-120.
Uygur FN, Koch W, Walter H. 1986. Çukurova Bölgesi Buğday- Pamuk Ekim Sistemindeki Önemli Yabancı Otların Tanımı. Josef Margraf, Aichtal, 4(1).
Wıllenborg CJ, Wildeman JC, Miller AK, Rosnagel BG. 2005. Oat germination characteristics differ among genotypes, seed sizes and osmotic potentials. Crop Sci., 45(5): 2023-2029.
Zhang J, Cavers PB. 1994. Seedling emergence after maternal bentazone application to 10 cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) populations. Can J Plant Sci., 74: 863-866.
Zollınger PK, Evans JO. 1985. Effects of chlorsulfuron meiosis and seed viability in rye (Secale cereale L). Proc West Soc Weed Sci., 38: 114-119.