Bahar YILMAZ, Bulent TURNA, Asuman ŞAHAN

The Acute Effects of Dynamic and Static Stretching on Tennis Serve Targeting Performance

The study investigates the acute effects of dynamic and static stretching on the tennis serve targeting performance of amateurtennis players. Twenty male athletes who were between the ages of 16-24 years and played tennis for at least 1 year (21.40±2.16years, 181±0.06 cm, 71.85±7.42 kg, tennis playing time 1.55±0.88 years) voluntarily participated in the study. Prior to the pretests and after applying the traditional warm-up protocol, serve targeting test (STT) was applied to all participants. In the posttests, STT was used after applying three different warm-up methods on three different days (48-hour rest interval). The warmup stages included No Treatment (NT) (jogging, rally), Static Stretching (SS) and Dynamic Stretching (DS). In the statisticalanalysis, the homogeneity of the data was investigated using the Shapiro Wilk test. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare thepre-test and post-test results of the non-homogeneous data; Friedman test was used to compare the three different stretchingmethods with each other; in the paired comparisons of the groups, the paired samples t-test was used for the homogenous dataand Wilcoxon test was used for the non-homogeneous data. In conclusion, stretching exercises before serving increased theserve targeting performance and the increase in the dynamic stretching exercises was higher than that in static stretchingexercises.

PDF

___

1. Aktaş S, Tatlici A, Çakmakçi O. Determination of ısokinetic strength of upper and lower body of elite male boxers. Turkish Journal Of Sport And Exercise, 2019; 21(2), 188-191.
2. Akyuz M, Agar M, Akyuz O, Dogru, Y. Motivational factors affecting athletes in selecting the sport branches of athletics, ski and tennis. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 2016; 4(12), 160-165.
3. Akyuz M, Ozmaden M, Dogru Y, Karademir E, Aydın Y, Hayta U. Effect of static and dynamic stretching exercises on some physical parameters in young basketball players. Journal of Human Sciences, 2017; 14(2), 1492-1500.
4. Avela JH, Kyrolainen H, Komi PV. Altered reflex sen- sitivity after repeated and prolonged passive muscle stretch- ing. J. Appl. Physiol. 1999; 86:1283–1291.
5. Baykose N, Civar Yavuz S, Ozer O, Sahin A. The role of selftalk and self-effıcacy levels of athletes studyıng at facultıes of sport scıences on predıctıng mental toughness. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, (December Special Issue), 2017; 591-595.
6. Behringer MH, Vom M, Matthews J, Mester. Effects of strength training on motor performance skills in children and adolescents: A MetaAnalysis. Pediatr Exerc Sci, 2011; 23(2),186–206.
7. Bishop DA. Warm up I: potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance. Sports Medicine, 2003; 33, 439-454.
8. Bompa TO. Plyometric for rapid force development at high level (E Tuzemen Cev.) 2001; Ankara: Bagırgan Yayınevi.
9. Chaouachi AC, Castagna M, Chtara M, Brughelli O, Turki O, Galy O, Behm DG. “Effect of warm-ups involving static or dynamic stretching on agility, sprinting, and jumping performance in trained individuals”. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24(8). Pp.
10. Cornwell A, Nelson AG, Heise GD, Sidaway B. Acute effects of passive muscle stretching on vertical jump performance. J. Hum. Mov. Studies, 2001; 40:307–324.
11. Çakmakçi E, Tatlici A, Yirmibeş B. Comparıson of some performance parameters of physıcally actıve mentally retarded and ınactıve mentally retarded ındıvıduals. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 2018; 4(12), 49– 57.
12. Faigenbaum AD, Kang J, McFarland J, Bloom JM, Magnatta J, Ratamess NA, Hoffman JR. Acute effects of different warmup protocols on anaerobic performance in teenage athletes. Pediatric Exercise Science, 2006; 18(1), 64-75.
13. Fowles JR, Sale DG, Macdougall JD. Reduced strength after passive stretch of the human plantar flexors. J. Appl. Physiol.2000; 89:1179–1188.
14. Gelen EM, Dede BM, Bingul CB, Aydın M. Acute effects of static stretching, dynamic exercises, and high volume upper extremity plyometric activity on tennis serve performance. Journal Of Sports Science And Medicine, 2012; 11(4), 600.
15. Gourgoulis VN, Aggeloussi P, Kasimatis G, Mavromatis AG. Effect of a submaximal half-squats warm-up program on vertical jumping abilitythe. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2003; 17, 342-344.
16. Haag SJ, Wright GA, Gillette CM, Greany JF. Effects of acute static stretching of the throwing shoulder on pitching performance of national collegiate athletic association division III baseball players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2010; 24, 452-457.
17. Hodgson MD, Docherty D, Robbins D. Post-activation potentiation: Underlying physiology and implications for motor performance. Sports Med. 2005;35(7):585-95.
18. Holcomb RW. Stretching and warm-up. ın: essentials of strength training and conditioning. Eds: Baechle, T.R. and Earle, R.W. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 2000; 322-329.
19. International Tennis Federation (ITF). The ITF International Tennis Number Manual, 2004. From http://www.itftennis.com/media/113844/113844.pdf.
20. Kaya M, Polat M. The effect of stretching exercises on ground shoot performance and agility in tennis players, Journal Of Health Sciences, 2008; 2; 118-124.
21. Kermen O. Tennis technical and tactics. Asama Typography, 1997; İstanbul.
22. Kibler WB, Chandler TJ, Shapiro R, Conuel M. Muscle activation in coupled scapulohumeral motions in the high performance tennis serve. Br J Sports Med. 2007; 1(11), 745– 749.
23. Kılınc F. An intensive combined training program modulates physical, physiological, biomotoric, and technical parameters in women basketball players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2008; 22(6), 1769-1778.
24. Kırmızıgul B. Effects of three different flexibility trainings on vertical jump performance. PhD Thesis, Ege University Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Training Sciences, 2012; İzmir, 64.
25. Knudson DV, Magnusson P, McHugh M. Current ıssues in flexibility fitness. President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest, 2000; 3(10):1–8.
26. Knudson DV, Noffal GJ, Bahamonde RE, Bauer JA, Blackwell JR. Stretching has no effect on tennis serve performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2004; 18(3), 654- 656.
27. Kokkonen J, Nelson AG, Cornwell A. Acute muscle stretching inhibits maximal strength performance. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport; 1998; 69:411–415.
28. Mandengue SH, Miladi I, Bishop D,Temfemo A, Cissé F, Ahmaidi S. Methodological approach for determining optimal active warm-up intensity: predictive equations. Science and Sport. 2009; 24, 9-14.
29. McMillian DJ, Moore JH, Hatler BS, Taylor DC. Dynamic vs. static-stretching warm up: the effect on power and agility performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2006; 20(3), 492-499.
30. Nelson AG, Kokkonen J. Acute ballistic muscle stretching inhibits maximal strength performance. Res. Q. Ex- erc. Sport 2001; 72:415–419.
31. Nelson AG, Allen JD, Cornwell A, Kokkonen J. Inhibition of maximal voluntary isometric torque production by acute stretching is joint-angle speciftc. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 2001; 72: 68–70.
32. Olcucu B, Canikli A, Gokhan HADI, Tasmektepligil MY. Physical and physiological characteristics of women tennis players in 12-14 age categories. Journal of Sports and Performance Research, 2012; 3(1).
33. Ozcan S, Kılınc F. Investigation of the effect of two different training methods on technical biometric and physiological characteristics in basic tennis technical education, PhD Thesis, Health Sciences Institute SDU, 2011; Isparta.
34. Reid M, Schneiker K. Strength and conditioning in tennis: current research and practice. J Sci Med Sport, 2008; 11, 248–56
35. Sahin A, Baykose N, Civar Yavuz S. Does the undergraduate athletes‟ self talk levels affect imagery levels?. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 2017a; (December Special Issue), 867- 871.
36. Suna G, Alp M, Cetinkaya E. Investigating the effects of technical trainings applied 10-12 age male tennis players on their stroke performances. Journal of Human Sciences, 2016; 13(3), 4980-4985.
37. Tatlıcı A, Unlu G. Elit güreşçilerde proprioseptif nöromuskuler fasilitasyon (pnf) uygulamalarının dinamik denge performansına akut etkileri. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi,2018; 57–63.
38. Tatlıcı A, Çakmakçı E, Yılmaz S, Arslan F. Comparison of visual reaction values of elite deaf wrestlers and elite normally hearing wrestlers. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 2018; 20(2), 63–66.
39. Tatlici A, Cakmakci O. The effects of acute dietary nitrate supplementation on anaerobic power of elite boxers. Medicina Dello Sport, 2019; 72(2), 225–233.
40. Thompsen AG, Kackley T, Palumbo MA, Faigenbaum AD. Acute effects of different warm-up protocols with and without a weighted vest on jumping performance in athletic women. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2007; 21, 52-56.
41. Torres EM, Kraemer WJ,Vingren JL, Volek JS, Hatfield DL, Spiering BA, Ho JY, Fragala MS, Thomas GA, Anderson JM, Hakkinen K, Maresh CM. Effects of stretching on upper-body muscular performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,2008; 22(4), 1279- 1285.
42. Turna B. Acute Effect of Dynamic and Static Stretching Exercises on Some Biomotoric Properties of Elite Male Handball Players, Lambert Publisher, 2017.
43. Weerapong P, Hume PA, Kolt GS. Stretching: mechanisms and benefits for sport performance and ınjury prevention. Physical Therapy Reviews, 2004; 9: 189-206.
44. Yamaguchi T, Ishii K, Yamanaka M, Yasuda K. Acute effects of dynamic stretching exercise on power output during concentric dynamic constant external resistance leg extension, 2007.
45. Yıldız S, Gelen E, Sert V, Akyuz M, Tas M, Bakıcı D, Cırak E. (2018a). ınvestigation of the relationship between explosive force and speed in children's tennis players. Celal Bayar University Journal of Institute of Health Sciences, 5(3), 64-67.
46. Yıldız S, Pinar S, Gelen E. Effects of 8-week functional vs. traditional training on athletic performance and functional movement on prepubertal tennis players. Journal Of Strength And Conditioning Research; 2018b, 33(3), 651-661.
47. Yıldız S, Cilli M, Gelen E, Guzel E. Acute effect of static germin on speed performance at different times. International Journal of Human Sciences, 2013; 10(1), 1202-1213.
48. Young WB, DG. Behm Should static stretching be used during a warm-up for strength and power activities? Strength and Conditioning Journal, 2002; 24(6), 33-37.