Çocukluk çağında kabadayılık zorbalık davranışları: Hekimler açısından anlamı Derleme

Çocukluk çağı boyunca gözlenen kabadayılık zorbalık davranışları uzun yıllar normal gelişimin bir parçası olarak kabul edilmiştir Ancak son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalar dünyanın pek çok ülkesinde bu davranışların özellikle okul çocukları ve ergenler arasında madde kullanımı ve erken yaşta cinsel ilişkiye girme gibi davranışlardan daha büyük bir sorun olduğunu ortaya koymuştur Yaygın olarak kabul edilen tanımlama Dan Olweus tarafından yapılmıştır Olweus’a göre kabadayılık zorbalık saldırgan bir davranıştır Güç dengesizliği olan ilişkilerde gözlenir Karşı tarafa zarar veya sıkıntı vermeye yöneliktir ve zaman içerisinde tekrarlanır Kabadayılık zorbalık arkadaşın arkadaşı istismarıdır ve çocuk istismarı aile içi şiddet gibi diğer istismar tipleriyle pek çok ortak özelliği vardır Kabadayılık zorbalık fiziksel sözel veya diğer doğrudan veya yan yöntemler kullanılarak gerçekleştirilebilir Bu davranışlar erkeklerde daha sık görülmekte ve erkekler erkekler tarafından hedef seçilirken kızlar hem erkekler hem de kızlar tarafından hedef seçilmektedir Kabadayılığa zorbalığa uğrama yaşla azalırken kabadayılık zorbalık yapma yaşla belirgin olarak değişmemektedir Araştırmalar kabadayılık zorbalık yapma ve veya kabadayılığa zorbalığa uğrama ile bireysel ve çevresel pek çok etken arasında ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir Sık sık veya devamlı kabadayılık zorbalık yapma davranış bozukluğunun Conduct disorder bir parçası olarak kabul edilmektedir Kabadayılığa zorbalığa uğrayan çocukların önemli bir kısmı bu durumu erişkinlere haber vermemekte ve farklı baş etme yöntemleri kullanmaktadır Kabadayılığa zorbalığa uğramak çocukların fiziksel sağlığını psikososyal ve akademik yaşantılarını etkileyebilmektedir Hekimler kabadayılık zorbalık yapma veya kabadayılık zorbalığa uğrama riski olan çocukları saptayarak aileleri ile sorunu tartışarak bu çocukları eşlik eden psikiyatrik sorunlar açısından tarayarak ve kabadayılığı zorbalığı önleme ve müdahale programlarını destekleyerek bu sorunun çözümlenmesinde rol oynayabilirler Türk Ped Arş 2007; 42 Özel Sayı: 19 25 Anahtar kelimeler: Fiziksel sağlık kabadayılık zorbalık önleme ruhsal sağlık

Anahtar Kelimeler:

-

Childhood bullying: implications for pediatricians Review

Childhood bullying has long been perceived as a normal part of growing up However recent studies from different countries showed that bullying behavior among children and adolescents was a greater problem than other problem behaviors such as drug use and early sexual activity The most common definition of bullying used in the literature was formulated by Dan Olweus According to Olweus bullying is an aggressive behavior that: a is intended to cause harm or distress b occurs repeatedly over time and c occurs in a relationship in which there is an imbalance of power Bullying others is a form of peer abuse and shares many characteristics with other types of abuse namely child maltreatment and domestic violence Bullying behaviors may be physical verbal non physical and non verbal and may be direct and indirect Boys are more likely than girls to demonstrate bullying behaviors While boys are bullied by only boys girls are bullied by both girls and boys Although being bullied decreases with age bullying others does not show the same pattern Researches identified many individual and environmental factors that place children and adolescents at risk for bullying others and being bullied Commonly frequent or persistent bullying behavior is considered a part of conduct disordered behavior pattern Substantial numbers of children do not report their victimization to adults and prefer other coping strategies Bullying may effect the physical and psychological health and academic work of children who are targeted Physicians have important roles in identifying at risk children screening for psychiatric comorbidities counseling families about the problem and advocating for bullying prevention in their communities Turk Arch Ped 2007; 42 Suppl: 19 25 Key words: Bullying intervention mental health physical health

Keywords:

-,

PDF

___

Currie C, Roberts C, Morgan A, et al. Young People’s Health in Context: International report from the HBSC 2001/2002 survey. WHO policy series: Health policy for children and ado- lescents Issue 4. WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2004, Co- penhagen.
Fleming M, Towey K (eds). Educational forum on adolescent health. Youth bullying, May 2002, Chicago: American Medical Association.
Olweus D. Bullying at school. Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. J Child Psychol Psychi- atry 1994; 35: 1171- 90.
Alikasifoglu M, Erginöz E, Ercan O, et al. Bullying behaviours and psychosocial health: results from a cross-sectional sur- vey among high school students in İstanbul, Turkey. Eur J Pe- diatr 2007; Feb 2; [Epub ahead of print]
Kepenekci- Karaman Y, Cinkir S. Bullying among Turkish high school students. Child Abuse Negl 2006; 30: 193-204.
Nansel TR, Overpeck M, Pilla RS, et al. Bullying behavior among US youths: Prevalence and association with psycho- social adjustment. JAMA 2001; 285: 2094-100.
Craig WM, Pepler DJ. Identifying and targeting risk for invol- vement in bullying and victimization. Can J Psychiatr 2003; 48: 577- 82.
Kristensen SM, Smith PK. The use of coping strategies by Da- nish children classed as bullies, victims, bully/victims, and not involved, in response to different (hypothetical) types of bull- ying. Scand J Psychol 2003; 44: 479-88.
Salmon G, James A, Smith DM. Bullying in schools: self re- ported anxiety, depression, and self esteem in secondary school children. BMJ 1998; 317: 924-5.
Smith PK, Madsen KC, Moody JC. What causes the age dec- line in reports of being bullied at school? Towards a develop- mental analyses of risk of being bullied. Educ Research 1999; 41: 267-85.
Forero R, McLellan L, Rissel C, et al. Bullying behavior and psychosocial health among school students in New South Wa- les, Australia: cross sectional survey. BMJ 1999; 319: 344- 8.
Gofin R, Palti H, Gordon L. Bullying in Jerusalem schools: vic- tims and perpetrators. Public Health 2002;116: 173- 8.
Juvonen J, Graham S, Schuster MA. Bullying among young adolescents: The strong, the weak, and the troubled. Pediat- rics 2003; 112: 1231- 7.
Kaltiala- Heino R, Rimpela M, Rantanen P, et al. Bullying at school- an indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disor- ders. J Adolesc 2000; 23: 661- 74.
Kim YS, Koh YJ, Leventhal B. School bullying and suicidal risk in Korean middle school students. Pediatrics 2005; 115: 357- 63.
Seals D, Young J. Bullying and victimization: prevalence and relationship to gender, grade level, ethnicity, self-esteem, and depression. Adolescence 2003; 38: 735- 47.
Baldry AC, Farrington DP. Types of bullying among Italian school children J Adolesc 1999; 22: 423-6.
Lopes Neto AA. Bullying-aggressive behavior among stu- dents. J Pediatr 2005; 81: 164- 72.
Peren S, Alsakar FD. Social behavior and peer relationships of victims, bully-victims, and bullies in kindergarten. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 2006; 47: 45-57.
Spector N, Kelly SF. Pediatrician’s role in screening and tre- atment: bullying, prediabetes, oral health. Curr Opin Pediatr 2006; 18: 661- 70.
Muscari ME. Sticks and stones: The NP’s role with bullies and victims. J Pediatr Health Care 2002; 16: 22-8.
Janssen I, Craig WM, Boyce WF, et al. Associations between overweight and obesity with bullying behaviors in school- aged children. Pediatrics 2004; 113: 1187-94.
Baldry AC. Bullying in schools and exposure to domestic vi- olence. Child Abuse Negl 2003; 27: 713-32.
Eslea M, Menesini E, Morita Y, et al. Friendship and loneliness among bullies and victims: Data from seven countries. Aggr Behav 2004; 30: 71-83.
O’Moore M, Kirkham C. Self esteem and its relationship to bullying behavior. Aggressive Behavior 2001; 27: 269-83.
Rigby K. Consequences of bullying in schools. Can J Psychi- atry 2003; 48: 583-90.
Smith PK, Talamelli L, Cowie H, et al. Profiles of non-victims, escaped victims, continuing victims and new victims of scho- ol bullying. Br J Educ Psychol 2004; 74: 565-81.
Kaltiala- Heino R, Rimpela M, Marttunen M, et al. Bullying, depression, and suicidal ideation in Finish adolescents: scho- ol survey. BMJ 1999; 319: 348- 51.
Voss LD, Mulligan J. Bullying in school: are short pupils at risk? Questionnaire study in a cohort. BMJ 2000; 320: 612-3.
Shields A, Cicchetti D. Parental maltreatement and emotion dysregulation as risk factors for bullying and victimisation in middle childhood. J Clin Child Psychol 2001; 30: 349-63.
Kumpulainen K, Rasanen E, Henttonen I. Children involved in bullying: Psychosocial disturbance and the persistence of the involvement. Child Abuse Negl 1999; 23: 1253- 62.
Sourander A, Helstela L, Helenius H, et al. Persistance of bull- ying from childhood to adolescence-a longitudinal 8 year fol- low-up study. Child Abuse Negl. 2000; 24: 873-81.
Wolke D, Woods S, Stanford K, et al. Bullying and victimizati- on of primary school children in England and Germany: pre- valence and school factors. Br J Psychol 2001; 92: 673-96.
Ivarsson T, Broberg AG, Arvidsson T, et al. Bullying in adoles- cence : Psychiatric problems in victims and bullies as measu- red by the Youth Self Report (YSR) and the Depression Self- Rating Scale (DSRS). Nord J Psychiatry 2005; 59: 365-73.
Kumpulainen K, Rasanen E, Henttonen I, et al. Bullying and psychiatric symptoms among elementary school-age child- ren. Child Abuse Negl 1998; 22: 705- 17.
Shwartz D. Subtypes of victims and aggressors in children’s peer groups. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2000; 28: 181-92.
Hunter SC, Boyle ME, Warden D. Help seeking amongst child and adolescent victims of pee-aggression and bullying: The influence of school-stage, gender, victimisation, approisal, and emotion. Br J Educ Psychol 2004; 74: 375-90.
Fekkes M, Pijpers FIM, Verlove-Vanhorick SP. Bullying: who does what, when and where? Involvement of children, teac- hers and parents in bullying behavior. Health Educ Res 2005; 20: 81-91.
Naylor P, Cowie H, DelRey R. Coping strategies of secondary school children in response to being bullied. Child Psychol Psychiatr Rev 2001; 6: 114-20.
Bond L, Carlin JB, Thomas L, et al. Does bullying cause emo- tional problems? A prospective study of young teenagers. BMJ 2001; 323: 480-4.
Fekkes M, Pijpers FIM, Verlove- Vanhorick SP. Bullying beha- vior and association with psychosomatic complaints and dep- ression in victim. J Pediatr 2004; 144: 17- 22.
Hawker DS, Boulton MJ. Twenty years’ research on peer vic- timization and psychosocial maladjustment: a meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 2000; 41: 441-55.
Kumpulainen K, Rasanen E. Children involved in bullying at elementary school age: Their psychiatric symptoms and devi- ance in adolescence. Child Abuse Negl 2000; 24: 1567- 77.
Rigby K. Effects of peer victimization in schools and perce- ived social support on adolescent well-being. J Adolesc 2000; 23: 57-68.
van der Wal MF, de Wit CAM, Hirasing RA. Psychosocial he- alth among young victims and offenders of direct and indirect bullying. Pediatrics 2005; 111: 1312-7.
Baldry AC, Winkel FW. Direct and vicarious victimisation at school and at home as risk factors for suicidal cognition among Italian adolescents. J Adolesc 2003; 26: 703-16.
Wolke D, Woods S, Bloomfield L, et al. Bullying involvement in primary school and common health problems. Arch Dis Child 2001; 85: 197-201.
Mynard H, Joseph S. Bully/victim problems and their associ- ation with Eysenck’s personality dimensions in 8 to 13 years old. Br J Educ Psychol 1997; 67: 51-4.
Arseneault L, Walsh E, Trzesniewski K. Bullying victimisation uniquely contributes to adjustment problems in young child- ren: a nationally representative cohort study. Pediatrics 2006; 118: 130-8.
Glew GM, Fan MY, Katon W, et al. Bullying, psychosocial ad- justment, and academic performance im elementary school. Arch Pediatr Adoles Med 2005; 159: 1026-31.
O’ Connell P, Pepler D, Craig W. Peer involvement in bullying: insights and challenges for intervention. J Adolesc 1999; 22: 437-52.
Baldry AC. “What about bullying?” An experimental field study to understand students’ attitudes towards bullying and victimisation in Italian middle schools. Br J Educ Psychol 2004; 74: 583-98.
Dake JA, Price JH, Telljohann SK. The nature and extent of bullying at school. J School Health 2003; 73: 173-80.
Atlas RS, Pepler DJ. Observations of bullying in the class- room. J Educ Res 1998; 92: 86-99.
Greene MB. Bullying in schools: A plea for measure of human rights. J Social Issues 2006; 62: 63- 79.
Lyznicki JM, McCaffree MA, Robinowitz B, et al. Childhood bullying: Implications for physicians. Am Fam Physician 2004; 70: 1723-8.