Trichomonas Vaginalis in Fagositik Aktivitesi

Kamç l bir parazit olan Trichomonas vaginalis, dünyada cinsel yolla bula an yayg n enfeksiyonlardan biri olan trichomoniasisin etiyolojik ajan d r. Parazit “adezin” denilen proteinler ile epitel hücrelerine tutunur ve bu hücrelerde hasara neden olur. Trichomonas vaginalis’in en önemli özelliklerinden biri fagositik aktivitesidir. Parazit vajinal orada bulunabilen sperm hücresi, eritrosit, laktobasil, polimorfonükleer lökosit ve epitel hücrelerini fagosite edebilir. Bu derlemede Trichomonas vaginalis’in fagositik aktivitesi parazitin genel özellikleri ile ele al nm t r

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Trichomonas vaginalis, fagositoz, epitel hücre, eritrosit, sperm hücresi, polimorfonükleer lökosit

The Phagocytic Activity Of Trichomonas Vaginalis

The agellated parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is the aetiologic agent of trichomoniasis, one of the most widespread sexually transmitted diseases. This parasite adheres to epithelial cells via proteins known as adhesins and causes cell damage. One of the most important features of Trichomonas vaginalis is its phagocytic activity. Trichomonas vaginalis is able to ingest vaginal epithelial cells, sperm cell, lactobacilli, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and erythrocytes in normal vaginal ora. In this review the phagocytic activity of this organism are evaluated with its general features

Keywords:

Trichomonas vaginalis, phagocytosis, epithelial cell, erytrocyte, sperm cell, polymorphonuclear leucocyte,

PDF

___

Kaufman RH, Friedrich EG, Gardner HL. Benign diseases of vulva and vagina. Ryan JD, Kelly K, eds. Chicago: Yearbook 1989;14:382-400.
Sa Z, Demirezen , Beksaç MS. Trichomonas vaginalis’in biyolojik özellikleri ve klinik açdan önemi. Klinik Bilimler ve Doktor, 2000; 6 (4):531-8.
Faro S. Vaginitis. Differential Diagnosis and Management. 1st ed. New York, The Parthenon Publishing group, 2004: 67
Buchvald D, Demes P, Gombosova A, Mraz P, Valent M, Stefanovic J. Vaginal leucocyte characteristics in urogenital trichomoniasis. APMIS, 1992;100:393-400.
Graves A. and Gardner WA. Pathogenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1993; 36 (1):145-52
Haves SE, Hillier SL, Benedetti J, Stevens CE, Koutsky LA, Wolner- Hanssen P, Holmes KK. Hydrogen peroxideproducing Lactobacilli and acquisition of vaginal infections. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1996; 174:1058- 63.
Karaman Ü, Atambay M, Yazar S, Daldal N. Kadnlarda Trichomonas vaginalis’in çeitli sosyal deikenler aç- sndan yaygnlnn incelenmesi (Malatya ili örnei). Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 2006; 30 (1): 11-5.
Pereira-Neves A and Benchimol M. Phagocytosis by Trichomonas vaginalis: new insights. Biol. Cell, 2007; 99: 87–101.
Benchimol M, De Andrade Rosa I, Da Silva Fontes R, Burla Dias AJ. Trichomonas adhere and phagacytose sperm cell: adhesion seems to be a prominent stage during interaction. Parasitol Res, 2008;102(4):597-604.
Sa Z, Demirezen , Beksaç MS. The relationship between Trichomonas vaginalis and some clinical ndings, Gynecol Obstet Reprod Med, 2000;6:185-7.
Çulha G, Görür S, Helli A, Akçin S, Kiper AN. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Salk Uygulama ve Aratrma Hastanesi Üroloji Poliklinii’ne bavuran üretritli erkek olgularda Trichomonas vaginalis skl. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg 2008;65 (1):37-41.
Demirezen 1996. Trichomonas vaginalis ve sitolojik te- hisi. Ankara Patoloji Bülteni, 1996;13 (1):84-6.
Cibas ES, Ducatman BS. Cytology. Diagnostic Principles and Clinical Correlates. W.B. Saunders company. 1996;6.
Madico G, Quinn T, Rompalo A, Mckee K, Gaydosi C. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swab samples. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1998; 3205–10.
Petrin D, Delgaty K, Bhatt R, and Garber G. Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 1998; 11 (2): 300-17.
Sa Z, Demirezen , Beksaç MS. Trichomonas vaginalis varlnda görülen hücresel deiikliklerin sitolojik olarak saptanmas. Klinik Bilimler & Doktor, Kasm 2000;6 (6): 801-6.
Caliendo A, Jordan JA, Gren AM, Ingersolli J. Diclemente RJ. Real-time PCR improves detection of Trichomonas vaginalis infection compared with culture using selfcollected vaginal swabs. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2005; 13(3): 145–50.
Crucitti T, Abdellati S, Van Dyck E, Buvé A. Molecular typing of the gene of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008;14(9):844-52.
Sönmez Tamer G, Dündar D, Çalkan , Doer E. Trichomonas vaginalis saptanmasnda direkt mikroskopi ile in vitro kültürün karlatrlmas. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg 2008;65 (2):75-80.
Arroya R, Gonzalez-Rables A, Paloma- Martinez A, Alderete JF. Signalling Trichomonas vaginalis for ameboid transformation and adhesin synthesis follow cytoadherence. Molecular Microbiology,1993;7(2):299-309.
Alderete JF, Brien JL, Arroyo R, Engbring JA, Musatovova O, Lopez O, Lauriano C, Nguyen J. Cloning and molecular characterization of two genes encoding adhesion proteins involved in Trichomonas vaginalis cytoadherence. Molecular Microbiology, 1995;17(1):69-83
Mirhaghani A and Warton A. An electron microscope study of the interaction between Trichomonas vaginalis and epithelial cells of the human amnion membrane. Parasitol Res, 1996;82:43-7.
Demirezen , Sa Z, Beksaç MS. The interaction of Trichomonas vaginalis with epithelial cells, polymorphonuclear leucocytes and erythrocytes on vaginal smears: ligh microscopic observation. Cytopathology, 2000;11: 326- 32.
Costamagna SR, Figueroa MP. On the ultrastructure of Trichomonas vaginalis: cytoskeleton, endocytosis and hydrogenosomes. Parasitol al día 2001; 25:716-20.
Garcia A, Alderete J. Characterization of the Trichomonas vaginalis surface-associated AP65 and binding domain interacting with trichomonads and host cells. BMC Microbiol, 2007; (1):116.
Benchimol M, Batista C, De Souza W. Fibronectin and laminin mediated endocytic activity in the parasitic protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis and Trichomonas foetus. J. Submicrosc. Cytol Pathol, 1990;22(1): 39-45.
Juliano C, Cappucinelli P, Mattana A. In vitro phagocytic interaction between Trichomonas vaginalis isolates and bacteria. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect Dis, 1991; 497-502.
Rendon-Maldonado JG, Espinosa-Cantellano M, Gonzales- Robles A., Martinez- Palomo A. Trichomonas vaginalis : In vitro phagocytosis of lactobacilli, vaginal epithelial cells, leukocytes, and erythrocytes. Experimental Parasitology, 1998; 89 (2). 241-250
Demirezen . Phagocytosis of erythrocytes by Trichomonas vaginalis: Examination of a cervicovaginal smear. (Letter to the editor) Diagnostic Cytopathology, 2001; 24 (6) 435.
Chen WL, Chen JF, Zhong XR, Liang P, Lin W. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies on Trichomonas vaginalis adhering to and phagocytizing genitourinary epithelial cells. Chin Med J, 2004 Mar;117(3):376-81.
Ovcinnokov NM, Delektorskij VV, Turanova EN, Yashkova GN. Further studies of Trichomonas vaginalis with transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Br J Vener Dis, 1975;51:357-75.
Garcia- Tamayo J, Nunez-Montiel JT, De Garcia HP. An electron microscopic investigation on the pathogenesis of human vaginal Trichomoniasis. Acta Cytologica, 1978;22 (6):447-455
Han Q, Liu J, Wang T, Xiao H, Fang Z. In uence of the metabolite produced by Trichomonas vaginalis on human sperm motility in vitro. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue, 2004;10(4):272-4.
Mali BN, Hazari KT, Meherji PK Interaction between Trichomonas vaginalis and human spermatozoa in the female genital tract: Papanicolaou-stained cervical smear ndings. Acta Cytologica, 2006: 50 (3): 357-59.
Wiwanitkit V. Counteraction during movement of spermatozoa by Trichomonas vaginalis observed by visual image analysis: a possible cause of female infertility. Fertil Steril, 2008; 90(3):528-30.
Dailey DC, Chang TH, Alderete JF. Characterization of Trichomonas vaginalis haemolysis. Parasitology, 1990;101;171-5.
Lehker MW, Arroye R, Alderete JF. The regulation by iron of the synthesis of adhesins and cytoadherence levels in the protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis. J. Exp. Med, 1991;174, 311-8..
Alderete JF, Nguyen J, Mundodi V, Lehker MW. Heme-iron increases levels of AP65-mediated adherence by Trichomonas vaginalis. Microb Pathog. 2004;36(5):263-71.
Ardalan S, Craig Lee B, Garber GE. Trichomonas vaginalis: The adhesins AP51 and AP65 bind heme and hemoglobin. Exp Parasitol. 2008 Dec 10. Article in Press, Fiori PL, Rappelli P, Rocchigiani AM, Cappuccinelli P. Trichomonas vaginalis haemolysis. Evidence of functional pares formation on red cell membranes. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 1993;109:13-8.
Mason PR, Forman L. Polymorphonuclear cell chemotaxis to secretions of pathogenic and nonpathogenic. Trichomonas vaginalis. J. Parasitol, 1982,68 (3):457-62.
Hawes SE, Hillier SL, Benedetti J, et al. Hydrogen peroxide–producing lactobacilli and acquisition of vaginal infections. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:1058–63.
Torok MR, Miller WC, Hobbs MM, MacDonald PDM, Leone PA, Schwebke JR, and Sena AC. The Association between Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Level of Vaginal Lactobacilli, in Nonpregnant Women. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2007; 196:1102–7.
McGroarty JA. Cell surface appendages of lactobacilli. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 1994; 124 (3): 405-9.
Boris S, Barbes C. Role played by lactobacilli in controlling the population of vaginal pathogens. Microbes and Infection, 2000; 2(5): 543-46.