Yavuz UYAR, Iva CHRİSTOVA, Anna PAPA

7985

Anadolu ve Balkan Yarımadası’nda Kırım Kongo kanamalı ateşi KKKA ’nin güncel durumu

Kırım-Kongo Kanamalı Ateşi KKKA , özellikle Ixodid cinsi kene ısırığı esas olarak Hyalomma cinsi tarafından insanlara bulaşan viral bir hastalıktır. CCHFV, Bunyaviridae ailesinden Nairovirus cinsine aittir. KKKA virüsü segmentli, tek iplikli, negatif polariteli bir RNA virüsüdür. Hastalığın başlangıcında ani ateş, titreme, şiddetli baş ağrısı, sırt ağrısı ya da bacak ağrıları, kas ağrısı, mide bulantısı ve kusma gibi belirtiler olabilir. KKKA, ilk olarak eski Sovyetler Birliği ve Kongo’da tespit edilmiş olup, hızlıca Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika’nın büyük bölümüne yayılmıştır ve 30’dan fazla ülkede bildirimi yapılmıştır.İklim değişiklikleri; kenelerin yaşam döngüsünü ve göçmen kuşların göç yollarını etkileyebilir, KKKA’nden yoksun bölgelere virüs yayılımında ve kene sayısının artmasında rol alabilir. Tarım ve çiftçilik için arazi kullanımının genişletilmesi ve avcılık faaliyetlerindeki değişiklikler de KKKA insidansında rol oynayabilir. Hayvan ticareti ve nakli KKKA virüsü ile enfekte kenelerin endemik olmayan bölgelere transferine neden olarak konak-kene-virüs dinamiklerini etkileyebilir. Son yıllarda, Balkanlar’da ve Türkiye’de KKKA epidemiyolojisi değişmektedir. Balkanlar endemik KKKA bölgesi olarak bilinir ve heryıl sporadik vakalar, hatta salgınlar bildirilir. Balkanlar ve Türkiye’de yıllık olarak tespit edilen insan KKKA vakalarının sayısı artmaktadır. Hastalık, Balkanlarda; Bulgaristan, Kosova ve Arnavutluk
Anahtar Kelimeler:

KKKA virüsü, Balkanlar, Anadolu, Türkiye

Current situation of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever CCHF in Anatolia and Balkan Peninsula

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever CCHF is a viral disease transmitted to humans mainly by bite of Ixodid ticks, mainly those of the Hyalomma genus. CCHFV belongs to the genus Nairovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. CCHF virus is a segmented, single stranded, negative sense and RNA viruses. The onset of the disease is very sudden, with symptoms such as fever, rigors, intense headache, chills, and backache or leg pains, myalgia, nausea, and vomiting. CCHF originally identified in the former Soviet Union and the Congo, has rapidly spread across large sections of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and has been reported in more than 30 countries. The climatic changes may affect the life cycle of ticks and the routes of migratory birds, leading to tick abundance and virus distribution in CCHF-free areas. Extended use of land for agriculture and farming and changes in hunting activities play also a role in CCHF incidence, while livestock trade and movement may influence host-tick-virus dynamics resulting in transfer of CCHFV-infected ticks in non-endemic areas. Recent years, the epidemiology of CCHF is changing in Balkans and Turkey. Balkan Peninsula is a known endemic CCHF area, and sporadic cases and even outbreaks are being reported every year. The annual number of human CCHF cases is increasing in Balkans and Turkey. While Bulgaria, Kosovo and Albania were
Keywords:

CCHF virus, Balkans, Anatolia, Turkey,

PDF

___

  • 1. Papa A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and hantavirus infections. In: Maltezou H, Gikas A, editors. Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Kerala, India: Research Signpost; 2010. p. 49-73.
  • 2. Chumakov MP. A new tick-borne virus disease— Crimean hemorrhagic fever (acute infectious capillary toxicosis) In: Sokolov AE, Chumakov MP, Kolachev AA, editors. Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever (Acute Infectious Capillary Toxicosis). Izdanie Otdel’noj Primorskoj Armii, Simferopol. USSR 1945. p. 13-43.
  • 3. Simpson DI, Knight EM, Courtois G, Williams MC, Weinbren MP, Kibukamu- soke JW. Congo virus: a hitherto undescribed virus occurring in Africa I. Human isolations—clinical notes. East Afr Med J, 1967; 44: 86-92.
  • 4. Simpson DIH, Williams MC, Woodal IP. Four cases of human infection with the Congo agent East Afr Virus Res Inst Rep. 1965: 27-8.
  • 5. Casals J. Antigenic similarity between the virus causing Crimean hemorrhagic fever and Congo virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1969; 131(1): 233-6.
  • 6. Woodall JP, Williams MC, Simpson DI. Congo virus – a hitherto undescribed virus occurring in Africa. II. Identification studies East Afr Med J, 1967; 44: 93-8.
  • 7. Hoogstraal H. The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa. J Med Entomol, 1979;15(4): 307-417.
  • 8. Butenko AM, Karganova G. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union. In: Ergonul O, Whitehouse CA, editors. Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever. A Global Perspective. Dordrecht: Springer; 2007. p. 99-114.
  • 9. Yen YC, Kong LX, Lee L, Zhang YQ, Li F, Cai BJ, et al. Characteristics of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (Xinjiang strain) in China. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1985; 34(6): 1179-82.
  • 10. Anagnostou V, Papa A. Evolution of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus. Infect Genet Evol, 2009; 9(5): 948-54.
  • 11. Carroll SA, Bird BH, Rollin PE, Nichol ST. Ancient common ancestry of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 2010; 55(3): 1103-10
  • 12. Schmaljohn CS, Nichol ST. Bunyaviridae. In Fields Virology, Edited by: Knipe DM, Howley PM. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 5th edition. 2007; Volume 2: 1741-89.
  • 13. Karlberg H, Tan YJ, Mirazimi A. Induction of caspase activation and cleavage of the viral nucleocapsid protein in different cell types during CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus infection. J Biol Chem, 2011; 286(5): 3227-34.
  • 14. Papa A, Ma B, Kouidou S, Tang Q, Hang C, Antoniadis A. Genetic characterization of the M RNA segment of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains, China. Emerg Infect Dis, 2002; 8(1): 50-3.
  • 15. Honig JE, Osborne JC, Nichol ST. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome L RNA segment and encoded protein. Virology, 2004; 321(1): 29-35.
  • 16. Papa A, Papadimitriou E, Bozovic B, Antoniadis A. Genetic characterization of the M RNA segment of a Balkan Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strain. J Med Virol, 2005; 75(3): 466-9.
  • 17. Sanchez AJ, Vincent MJ, Nichol ST. Characterization of the glycoproteins of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Virol, 2002; 76(14): 7263-75.
  • 18. Altamura LA, Bertolotti-Ciarlet A, Teigler J, Paragas J, Schmaljohn CS, Doms RW. Identification of a novel C-terminal cleavage of CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus PreGN that leads to generation of an NSM protein. J Virol, 2007; 81(12): 6632-42.
  • 19. Estrada DF, De Guzman RN. Structural characterization of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Gn tail provides insight into virus assembly. J Biol Chem, 2011; 286(24): 21678-86.
  • 20. Erickson BR, Deyde V, Sanchez AJ, Vincent MJ, Nichol ST. N-linked glycosylation of Gn (but not Gc) is important for Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus glycoprotein localization and transport. Virology, 2007; 361(2): 348-55.
  • 21. Bergeron E, Albarino CG, Khristova ML, Nichol ST. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus-encoded ovarian tumor protease activity is dispensable for virus RNA polymerase function. J Virol, 2010; 84(1): 216-26.
  • 22. Capodagli GC, McKercher MA, Baker EA, Masters EM, Brunzelle JS, Pegan SD. Structural analysis of a viral ovarian tumor domain protease from the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in complex with covalently bonded ubiquitin. J Virol, 2011; 85(7): 3621-30.
  • 23. Logan TM, Linthicum KJ, Bailey CL, Watts DM, Moulton JR. Experimental transmission of CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus by Hyalomma truncatum Koch. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1989; 40(2): 207-12.
  • 24. Xia H, Li P, Yang J, Pan L, Zhao J, Wang Z, et al. Epidemiological survey of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Yunnan, China, 2008. Int J Infect Dis, 2011; 15(7): e459-63.
  • 25. Yaser SA, Sadegh C, Zakkyeh T, Hassan V, Maryam M, Ali OM, et al. Crimean--Congo hemorrhagic fever: a molecular survey on hard ticks (Ixodidae) in Yazd province, Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2011; 4(1): 61-3.
  • 26. Estrada-Pena A. Forecasting habitat suitability for ticks and prevention of tick-borne diseases. Vet Parasitol, 2001; 98(1-3): 111-32.
  • 27. Purnak T, Selvi NA, Altundag K. Global warming may increase the incidence and geographic range of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever. Med Hypotheses, 2007; 68(4): 924-5.
  • 28. Capua I. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in ostriches: A public health risk for countries of the European Union? Avian Pathol, 1998; 27(2): 117-20.
  • 29. Shepherd AJ, Swanepoel R, Leman PA, Shepherd SP. Field and laboratory investigation of CrimeanCongo haemorrhagic fever virus (Nairovirus, family Bunyaviridae) infection in birds. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1987; 81(6): 1004-7.
  • 30. Estrada-Pena A, Zatansever Z, Gargili A, Aktas M, Uzun R, Ergonul O, et al. Modeling the spatial distribution of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 2007; 7(4): 667-78.
  • 31. Apanaskevich DA, Horak IG. The genus Hyalomma Koch, 1844. i. reinstatement of Hyalomma (euhyalomma) glabrum Delpy, 1949 (Acari, Ixodidae) as a valid species with a redescription of the adults, the first description of its immature stages and notes on its biology. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 2006; 73(1): 1-12.
  • 32. Shepherd AJ, Swanepoel R, Shepherd SP, McGillivray GM, Searle LA. Antibody to CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus in wild mammals from southern Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1987; 36(1): 133-42.
  • 33. Chapman LE, Wilson ML, Hall DB, LeGuenno B, Dykstra EA, Ba K, et al. Risk factors for CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever in rural northern Senegal. J Infect Dis, 1991; 164(4): 686-92.
  • 34. Swanepoel R, Shepherd AJ, Leman PA, Shepherd SP. Investigations following initial recognition of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in South Africa and the diagnosis of 2 further cases. S Afr Med J, 1985; 68(9): 638-41.
  • 35. Swanepoel R, Shepherd AJ, Leman PA, Shepherd SP, McGillivray GM, Erasmus MJ, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical features of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in southern Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1987; 36(1): 120-32.
  • 36. Ergonul O. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis, 2006; 6(4): 203-14.
  • 37. Yilmaz GR, Buzgan T, Irmak H, Safran A, Uzun R, Cevik MA, et al. The epidemiology of CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey, 2002-2007. Int J Infect Dis, 2009; 13(3): 380-6.
  • 38. Whitehouse CA. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Antiviral Res, 2004; 64(3): 145-60.
  • 39. Ergonul O, Celikbas A, Baykam N, Eren S, Dokuzoguz B. Analysis of risk-factors among patients with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus infection: severity criteria revisited. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2006; 12(6): 551-4.
  • 40. Maltezou HC, Andonova L, Andraghetti R, Bouloy M, Ergonul O, Jongejan F, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Europe: current situation calls for preparedness. Euro Surveill, 2010; 15(10): 19504.
  • 41. Burt FJ, Swanepoel R, Shieh WJ, Smith JF, Leman PA, Greer PW, et al. Immunohistochemical and in situ localization of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus in human tissues and implications for CCHF pathogenesis. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1997; 121(8): 839-46.
  • 42. Tantawi HH, Al-Moslih MI, Al-Janabi NY, Al-Bana AS, Mahmud MI, Jurji F, et al. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Iraq: isolation, identification and electron microscopy. Acta Virol, 1980; 24(6): 464-7.
  • 43. Joubert JR, King JB, Rossouw DJ, Cooper R. A nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever at Tygerberg Hospital. Part III. Clinical pathology and pathogenesis. S Afr Med J, 1985; 68(10): 722-8.
  • 44. Shepherd AJ, Swanepoel R, Leman PA. Antibody response in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Rev Infect Dis, 1989; 11 Suppl 4: S801-6.
  • 45. Burt FJ, Leman PA, Abbott JC, Swanepoel R. Serodiagnosis of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Epidemiol Infect, 1994; 113(3): 551-62.
  • 46. Uyar Y, Carhan A, Albayrak N, Altas AB. [Evaluation of PCR and ELISA-IgM results in the laboratory diagnosis of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever cases in 2008 in Turkey]. Mikrobiyol Bul, 2010; 44(1): 57-64.
  • 47. Schwarz TF, Nsanze H, Longson M, Nitschko H, Gilch S, Shurie H, et al. Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis and identification of distinct variants of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in the United Arab Emirates. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1996; 55(2): 190-6.
  • 48. Bodur H, Akinci E, Onguru P, Carhan A, Uyar Y, Tanrici A, et al. Detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome in saliva and urine. Int J Infect Dis, 2010; 14(3): e247-9.
  • 49. Drosten C, Gottig S, Schilling S, Asper M, Panning M, Schmitz H, et al. Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg viruses, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol, 2002; 40(7): 2323-30.
  • 50. Papa A, Drosten C, Bino S, Papadimitriou E, Panning M, Velo E, et al. Viral load and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Emerg Infect Dis, 2007; 13(5): 805-6.
  • 51. Duh D, Saksida A, Petrovec M, Dedushaj I, AvsicZupanc T. Novel one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for rapid and specific diagnosis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever encountered in the Balkans. J Virol Methods, 2006; 133(2): 175-9.
  • 52. Yapar M, Aydogan H, Pahsa A, Besirbellioglu BA, Bodur H, Basustaoglu AC, et al. Rapid and quantitative detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus by one-step real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. Jpn J Infect Dis, 2005; 58(6): 358-62.
  • 53. Papa A, Dalla V, Papadimitriou E, Kartalis GN, Antoniadis A. Emergence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Greece. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2010; 16(7): 843-7.
  • 54. Ozkaya E, Dincer E, Carhan A, Uyar Y, Ertek M, Whitehouse CA, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Turkey: occurrence of local topotype. Virus Res, 2010; 149(1): 64-70.
  • 55. Chinikar S. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever infection in Iran. In: Ergonul O, Whitehouse CA, editors. Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever. A Global Perspective.
  • 56. Sun S, Dai X, Aishan M, Wang X, Meng W, Feng C, et al. Epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses in xinjiang, china. J Clin Microbiol, 2009; 47(8): 2536-43.
  • 57. Yashina L, Petrova I, Seregin S, Vyshemirskii O, Lvov D, Aristova V, et al. Genetic variability of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Russia and Central Asia. J Gen Virol, 2003; 84(Pt 5): 1199-206.
  • 58. Papa A, Bozovi B, Pavlidou V, Papadimitriou E, Pelemis M, Antoniadis A. Genetic detection and isolation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Kosovo, Yugoslavia. Emerg Infect Dis, 2002; 8(8): 852-4.
  • 59. Papa A, Bino S, Llagami A, Brahimaj B, Papadimitriou E, Pavlidou V, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Albania, 2001. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2002; 21(8): 603-6.
  • 60. Papa A, Christova I, Papadimitriou E, Antoniadis A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Bulgaria. Emerg Infect Dis, 2004; 10(8): 1465-7.
  • 61. Papa A, Maltezou HC, Tsiodras S, Dalla VG, Papadimitriou T, Pierroutsakos I, et al. A case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Greece, June 2008. Euro Surveill, 2008; 13(33).
  • 62. Papa A, Bino S, Papadimitriou E, Velo E, Dhimolea M, Antoniadis A. Suspected Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever cases in Albania. Scand J Infect Dis, 2008; 40(11-12): 978-80.
  • 63. Ahmeti S, Raka L. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Kosova : a fatal case report. Virol J, 2006; 3: 85.
  • 64. Christova I, Di Caro A, Papa A, Castilletti C, Andonova L, Kalvatchev N, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, southwestern Bulgaria. Emerg Infect Dis, 2009; 15(6): 983-5.
  • 65. Humolli I, Dedushaj I, Zupanac TA, Mucaj S. Epidemiological, serological and herd immunity of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Kosovo. Med Arh, 2010; 64(2): 91-3.
  • 66. Vasilenko S, Chumakov M, Katzarov G, Mihailov A, Levi V, Kebedgiev G, et al. Investigations on Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever in Bulgaria II. Serological examinations of people and animals in endemic and nonendemic for CCHF areas [article in Bulgarian]. Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases, 1971; 8: 150-6.
  • 67. Papa A, Papadimitriou E, Christova I. The Bulgarian vaccine Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus strain. Scand J Infect Dis, 2011; 43(3): 225-9.
  • 68. Papa A, Tzala E, Maltezou HC. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, northeastern Greece. Emerg Infect Dis, 2011; 17(1): 141-3.
  • 69. Papadopoulos O, Koptopoulos G. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Greece: Isolation of the virus from Rhipicephalus bursa ticks and a preliminary serological survey. In: VesenjakHirjan Jea (ed.) Arboviruses in the Mediterranean Countries. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart, Yugoslavia.; 1980. p. 117-121.
  • 70. Antoniadis A, Casals J. Serological evidence of human infection with Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus in Greece. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1982; 31(5): 1066-7.
  • 71. Karti SS, Odabasi Z, Korten V, Yilmaz M, Sonmez M, Caylan R, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis, 2004; 10(8): 1379-84.
  • 72. Gozalan A, Esen B, Fitzner J, Tapar FS, Ozkan AP, Georges-Courbot MC, et al. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever cases in Turkey. Scand J Infect Dis, 2007; 39(4): 332-6.
  • 73. Bakir M, Ugurlu M, Dokuzoguz B, Bodur H, Tasyaran MA, Vahaboglu H. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever outbreak in Middle Anatolia: a multicentre study of clinical features and outcome measures. J Med Microbiol, 2005; 54(Pt 4): 385-9.
  • 74. Vatansever Z, Uzun R, Estrada-Pena A, Ergonul O. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Turkey. In: Ergonul O, Whitehouse CA, editors. CrimeanCongo Hemorrhagic Fever. A global Perspective. Dordrecht; 2007. p. 59-74.
  • 75. Bursali A, Tekin S, Keskin A, Ekici M, Dundar E. Species diversity of ixodid ticks feeding on humans in Amasya, Turkey: seasonal abundance and presence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Med Entomol, 2011; 48(1): 85-93.
  • 76. Leblebicioglu H. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Eurasia. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2010; 36 Suppl 1:S43-6.
  • 77. Ozdarendeli A, Aydin K, Tonbak S, Aktas M, Altay K, Koksal I, et al. Genetic analysis of the M RNA segment of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains in Turkey. Arch Virol, 2008; 153(1): 37-44.
  • 78. Tonbak S, Aktas M, Altay K, Azkur AK, Kalkan A, Bolat Y, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: genetic analysis and tick survey in Turkey. J Clin Microbiol, 2006; 44(11): 4120-4.
  • 79. Gunes T, Engin A, Poyraz O, Elaldi N, Kaya S, Dokmetas I, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in high-risk population, Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis, 2009; 15(3): 461-4.
  • 80. Burt FJ, Swanepoel R. Molecular epidemiology of African and Asian Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever isolates. Epidemiol Infect, 2005; 133(4): 659-66.
  • 81. Deyde VM, Khristova ML, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus genomics and global diversity. J Virol, 2006; 80(17): 8834-42.
  • 82. Hewson R, Chamberlain J, Mioulet V, Lloyd G, Jamil B, Hasan R, et al. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus: sequence analysis of the small RNA segments from a collection of viruses world wide. Virus Res, 2004; 102(2): 185-9.
  • 83. Papa A. Genetic diversity in Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever virus. Arbo-Zoonet News, 2009: 16-18.
  • 84. Duh D, Nichol ST, Khristova ML, Saksida A, HafnerBratkovic I, Petrovec M, et al. The complete genome sequence of a Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus isolated from an endemic region in Kosovo. Virol J, 2008; 5: 7.
  • 85. Ozdarendeli A, Canakoglu N, Berber E, Aydin K, Tonbak S, Ertek M, et al. The complete genome analysis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus isolated in Turkey. Virus R es, 2010; 147(2): 288-93.
  • 86. Midilli K, Gargili A, Ergonul O, Elevli M, Ergin S, Turan N, et al. The first clinical case due to AP92 like strain of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus and a field survey. BMC Infect Dis, 2009; 9: 90.
  • 87. Elevli M, Ozkul AA, Civilibal M, Midilli K, Gargili A, Duru NS. A newly identified Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strain in Turkey. Int J Infect Dis, 2009; 14 Suppl 3: e213-6.
  • 88. Hewson R, Gmyl A, Gmyl L, Smirnova SE, Karganova G, Jamil B, et al. Evidence of segment reassortment in Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. J Gen Virol, 2004; 85(Pt 10): 3059-70.
  • 89. Lukashev AN. Evidence for recombination in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Gen Virol, 2005; 86(Pt 8): 2333-8.
  • 90. Maltezou HC, Papa A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: risk for emergence of new endemic foci in Europe? Travel Med Infect Dis, 2010; 8(3): 139-43.80. Burt FJ, Swanepoel R. Molecular epidemiology of African and Asian Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever isolates. Epidemiol Infect, 2005; 133(4): 659-66.
  • 81. Deyde VM, Khristova ML, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus genomics and global diversity. J Virol, 2006; 80(17): 8834-42.
  • 82. Hewson R, Chamberlain J, Mioulet V, Lloyd G, Jamil B, Hasan R, et al. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus: sequence analysis of the small RNA segments from a collection of viruses world wide. Virus Res, 2004; 102(2): 185-9.
  • 83. Papa A. Genetic diversity in Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever virus. Arbo-Zoonet News, 2009: 16-18.
  • 84. Duh D, Nichol ST, Khristova ML, Saksida A, HafnerBratkovic I, Petrovec M, et al. The complete genome sequence of a Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus isolated from an endemic region in Kosovo. Virol J, 2008; 5: 7.
  • 85. Ozdarendeli A, Canakoglu N, Berber E, Aydin K, Tonbak S, Ertek M, et al. The complete genome analysis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus isolated in Turkey. Virus Res, 2010; 147(2): 288-93.
  • 86. Midilli K, Gargili A, Ergonul O, Elevli M, Ergin S, Turan N, et al. The first clinical case due to AP92 like strain of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus and a field survey. BMC Infect Dis, 2009; 9: 90.
  • 87. Elevli M, Ozkul AA, Civilibal M, Midilli K, Gargili A, Duru NS. A newly identified Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strain in Turkey. Int J Infect Dis, 2009; 14 Suppl 3: e213-6.
  • 88. Hewson R, Gmyl A, Gmyl L, Smirnova SE, Karganova G, Jamil B, et al. Evidence of segment reassortment in Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. J Gen Virol, 2004; 85(Pt 10): 3059-70.
  • 89. Lukashev AN. Evidence for recombination in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Gen Virol, 2005; 86(Pt 8): 2333-8.
  • 90. Maltezou HC, Papa A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: risk for emergence of new endemic foci in Europe? Travel Med Infect Dis, 2010; 8(3): 139-43.
Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi-Cover
  • ISSN: 0377-9777
  • Başlangıç: 1938
  • Yayıncı: Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Anadolu ve Balkan Yarımadası’nda Kırım Kongo kanamalı ateşi KKKA ’nin güncel durumu

Yavuz UYAR, Iva CHRİSTOVA, Anna PAPA

Bitki çayı Teucrium chamaedrys alımına bağlı gelişen bir akut hepatit olgusu

Onur URAL, Özgür SATILMIŞ, Gaye URAL, Nebahat DİKİCİ