Taban SAEEDİAN, Mehdi SHAHBAZİ, Shahazd TAHMASEBİ BOROUJENİ

ANTİSİPATUAR POSTÜRAL DÜZENLEME ARTIŞINDA İŞİTSEL UYARANLARIN GÖRSEL UYARANLARDAN DAHA BÜYÜK ETKİSİ

Amaç: Eksternal perturbasyonlar öncesinde primer uyaran olarak verilen görsel uyarıların ve de işitsel uyarıların Beklenen Postural Düzeltmelerdeki (BPD) salınımlar üzerine etkisi araştırılmış olmakla birlikte hangi tür uyarının (işitsel veya görsel) perturbasyon öncesindeki başlangıç BPD salınımları üzerine etkisinin daha belirgin olduğunun incelenmesi gereklidir. Bu nedenle, bu araştırmada BPD'lerde dış perturbasyon öncesi görsel-işitsel katkıların rolünün ve farklı zaman aralıklarındaki uyaran sunununun BPD salınımlarına etkisinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Bu çalışmanın katılımcıları, Biodex denge zemini üzerinde ayakta dururken beş görsel ve beş işitsel uyaran denemesine (80 dB) maruz bırakılan 14 beden eğitimi öğrencisi idi (ortalama 22,4±2,14 yaş). Uyaran verildikten 1,4 saniye sonra eksternal perturbasyon uygulandı. Tüm uyaran denemeleri sırasında postural kasların elektromyografi (EMG) aktivitesi kaydedildi. BPD'ler -100 ila 50 ms (BPD1), 50 ila 200 ms (BPD2) ve 200 ila 350 ms (BPD3) aralıklarında çıkarılmıştır. Veri analizinde kombine varyans analizi ve tekrarlı ölçümlerde varyans analizi Bonferroni düzeltme testiyle kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar: Sonuçlar, görsel ve işitsel uyaranların postural kasların BPD arttırdığını göstermiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre BPD3, BPD2'den ve BPD2, BPD1'den daha büyüktür (P≤0.05). Ayrıca sonuçlar, işitsel uyaranın görsel uyarana göre postural kasların BPD’lerini daha fazla arttırdığını göstermiştir (P≤0.05). Tartışma: Genel olarak araştırmacılar, sağlıklı genç kızlarda perturbasyondan önce işitsel uyaran sağlamanın görsel bir uyarana göre daha büyük bir etkiye sahip olduğu sonucuna varmışlardır. Bu nedenle dengesizliği önlemek veya dengeyi daha fazla korumak için uygun yoğunlukta işitsel uyaranların kullanılması önerilmektedir. Ayrıca, bu konuyla ilgili sonraki araştırmalarda, görsel ve işitsel uyaranların etkisi altındaki BPD salınımı erkek ve kadınlar, sporcu ve sporcu olmayanlar, sağlıklı ve hareket bozukluğu olan bireyler arasında karşılaştırılarak incelenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Beklenen Postural Düzeltmeler, İşitsel Uyaranlar, Elektromiyografi, Kaslar, Postural Denge

GREATER EFFECT OF AUDITORY STIMULI THAN VISUAL STIMULI ON ANTICIPATORY POSTURAL ADJUSTMENTS INCREASE

Purpose: The role of visual stimuli as the primary stimulus and the effect of auditory stimulus before external perturbation on Anticipatory Postural Adjustments (APAs) releases has been investigated, but which type of stimulus (auditory or visual) before perturbation has a more significant effect on initial APAs release, needs to be investigated. So, this study aimed to investigate the role of visual-auditory contributions before external perturbation on APAs and the effect of stimulus presentation on the release of APAs at different time intervals. Methods: Participants in this study were fourteen physical education students (Meanage 22.4 ± 2.14 years) exposed to five trials of visual stimulus and five trials of an audible stimulus (80 dB) while standing on the Biodex balance sheet. Then, 1.4 seconds after presenting the stimulus, external perturbation was applied. Electromyography (EMG) activity of the postural muscles was recorded during all trials. APAs were extracted at intervals of -100 to 50 ms (APA1), 50 to 200 ms (APA2), and 200 to 350 ms (APA3). The mixed ANOVA and repeated measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction test were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that the presentation of visual and auditory stimuli increased the APAs of the postural muscles. According to these results, APA3 was greater than APA2 and APA2 than APA1(P≤0.05). Also, the results showed that auditory stimulus increased the APAs of the postural muscles more than the visual stimulus (P≤0.05). Conclusion: Generally, the researchers concluded that providing an auditory stimulus before perturbation has a greater effect on APA than a visual stimulus in healthy young girls. Therefore, it is suggested that in order to prevent imbalance or maintain greater balance, auditory stimuli with appropriate intensity can be used. Furthermore, subsequent research on this topic could include comparing APA release under the influence of visual and auditory stimuli in men and women, athletes and non-athletes, and healthy individuals with individuals with mobility impairments.

Keywords:

Anticipatory Postural Adjustment, Auditory Stimulus, Electromyography, Muscles, Postural Balance,

PDF

___

1. Kanekar N, Aruin AS. Improvement of anticipatory postural adjustments for balance control: Effect of a single training session. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2015;25(2):400-5.
2. Saito H, Yamanaka M, Kasahara S, Fukushima J. Relationship between improvements in motor performance and changes in anticipatory postural adjustments during whole-body reaching training. Human Movement Science. 2014;37:69-86.
3. Scariot V, Rios JL, Claudino R, Dos Santos EC, Angulski HBB, Dos Santos MJ. Both anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments are adapted while catching a ball in unstable standing posture. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies. 2016;20:90-7.
4. Akbaş A, Marszałek W, Bacik B, Juras G. Two Aspects of Feedforward Control During a Fencing Lunge: Early and Anticipatory Postural Adjustments. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2021;15:638675.
5. Marchese S. Contribution of basal ganglia, cerebellum and parietal operculum to anticipatory postural adjustments [thesis]. Italy: University of Milan; 2020.
6. Aloraini SM, Glazebrook CM, Pooyania S, Sibley KM, Singer J, Passmore S. An external focus of attention compared to an internal focus of attention improves anticipatory postural adjustments among people post-stroke. Gait & Posture. 2020;82:100-5.
7. Li Z, Yu Q, Luo H, Liang W, Li X, Ge L, et al. The Effect of Virtual Reality Training on Anticipatory Postural Adjustments in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Preliminary Study. Neural Plasticity. 2021;27:9975862.
8. Martin G, Bowman C, Orozco E. Dual Cognitive Tasks Provoke Temporo-Spatial Gait and Anticipatory Postural Adjustments in Healthy Young Adults. Journal of Sports Research. 2021;8(1):26-34.
9. Tard C, Dujardin K, Bourriez JL, Destée A, Derambure P, Defebvre L, et al. Attention modulates step initiation postural adjustments in Parkinson freezers. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2014;20:284-9.
10. Delval A, Dujardin K, Tard C, Devanne H, Willart S, Bourriez JL, et al. Anticipatory postural adjustments during step initiation: Elicitation by auditory stimulation of differing intensities. Neuroscience. 2012;219:166-74.
11. Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH. Motor control: translating research into clinical practice. 5th ed: Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer; 2017.
12. Redfern MS, Chambers AJ, Jennings JR, Furman JM. Sensory and motoric influences on attention dynamics during standing balance recovery in young and older adults. Experimental Brain Research. 2017;235:2523-31.
13. Tard C, Dujardin K, Bourriez J-L, Derambure P, Defebvre L, Delval A. Stimulus-driven attention modulates the release of anticipatory postural adjustments during step initiation. Neuroscience. 2013;247:25-34.
14. Howell DR, Hanson E, Sugimoto D, Stracciolini A, Meehan III WP. Assessment of the postural stability of female and male athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2017;27(5):444-9.
15. Bussey MD, de Castro MP, Aldabe D, Shemmell J. Sex differences in anticipatory postural adjustments during rapid single leg lift. Human movement science. 2018;57:417-25.
16. Salehi R, Zarei M, Alizadeh MH, Karimi N. Research Paper: Effect of Lower Leg Cold Immersion on Dynamic Balance of Athletes and Nonathlete. Archives of Rehabilitation. 2016;17(2):148-57.
17. Watanabe T, Saito K, Ishida K, Tanabe S, Nojima I. Auditory stimulus has a larger effect on anticipatory postural adjustments in older than young adults during choice step reaction. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2017;117:2409-23.
18. Caron O. Effects of local fatigue of the lower limbs on postural control and postural stability in standing posture. Neuroscience letters. 2003;340(2):83-6.
19. Özkal Ö, Kara M, Topuz S, Kaymak B, Bakı A, Özçakar L. Assessment of core and lower limb muscles for static/dynamic balance in the older people: an ultrasonographic study. Age and ageing. 2019;48(6):881-7.
20. Kitaoka K, Ito R, Araki H, Sei H, Morita Y. Effect of mood state on anticipatory postural adjustments. Neuroscience letters. 2004;370(1):65-8.
21. Wang C-C, Jiang BC, Huang P-M. The relationship between postural stability and lower-limb muscle activity using an entropy-based similarity index. Entropy. 2018;20(5):320.
22. Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Merletti R, Stegeman D, Blok J, Rau G, et al. European recommendations for surface electromyography. Roessingh research and development. 1999;8(2):13-54.
23. Lu C, Amundsen Huffmaster SL, Harvey JC, MacKinnon CD. Anticipatory postural adjustment patterns during gait initiation across the adult lifespan. Gait and Posture. 2017;57:182-7.
24. Kanekar N, Aruin AS. Aging and balance control in response to external perturbations: role of anticipatory and compensatory postural mechanisms. Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 2014;36(3):9621.
25. Vennila K, Aruin AS. Postural control in response to a perturbation: role of vision and additional support. Experimental brain research. 2011;212(3):385-97.
26. Liang H, Kaewmanee T, Aruin AS. Older adults can rely on an auditory cue to generate anticipatory postural adjustments prior to an external perturbation. Experimental brain research. 2022:1-14.
27. Watanabe T, Saito K, Ishida K, Tanabe S, Horiba M, Itamoto S, et al. Effect of auditory stimulus on executive function and execution time during cognitively demanding stepping task in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience letters. 2018;674:101-5.