In Vitro Koşullarda Değişik Konsantrasyonlarda Ağır Metaller İçeren Besin Ortamlarının Kabak (Cucurbita pepo L.) Bitkisi Gelişimi Üzerine Etkileri

Kabak (Cucurbita pepo L.), dünyada ve ülkemizde sevilerek tüketilen bir sebzedir. Yetiştiriciliği, hem açıkta hem de örtüaltında yapılmaktadır. Ağır metaller, toksik etki yayması sebebiyle tüm canlılar için olumsuz durumlar oluşturmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada, in vitro koşullar altında değişik konsantrasyonlarda (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 ve 500 μM) hazırlanmış alüminyum (Al), kadmiyum (Cd), kobalt (Co), kurşun (Pb) ve nikel (Ni) ağır metalleri Murashige ve Skoog (MS) besin ortamına eklenerek kabak tohumları kültüre alınmıştır. Araştırmada yaprak ve kök sayısı, gövde ve kök uzunlukları tespit edilmiştir. Yaprak sayısı tüm ağır metaller için kontrol grubunda en fazla olurken, ağır metal konsantrasyonu arttıkça kök sayıları azalmaya başlamıştır. Gövde uzunluğu ağır metallerin tamamında kontrol grubunda en fazla sayıya ulaşırken, kök uzunlukları 400 ve 500 μM dozlarında en düşük seviyeleri görmüştür. Bu sonuçlar dikkate alındığında, ağır metal dozu arttıkça bitki gelişiminin gerilediği ortaya çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Ağır metal, Cucurbita pepo L., Bitki doku kültürü, Tohum

Effects of Nutrient Media Including Heavy Metals at Different Concentrations in In Vitro Conditions on the Growth of Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.)

Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) is a vegetable species that is appreciated and consumed in the Türkiye world and in the world. Its cultivation is carried out both in the open field and greenhouse. Heavy metals create adverse conditions for all living things due to their toxic effects. In this study, key heavy metals like aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) were added to the nutrient medium (Murashige and Skoog-MS)at different concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μM). Squash seeds were germinated under in vitro conditions. During the research, the number of leaves and roots, stem and root lengths were determined. According to the results, the number of leaves was the highest in the control group for all heavy metals. The number of roots decreased as the heavy metal concentration increased. While stem length reached the highest number in all heavy metals in the control group, root lengths had the lowest levels at 400 and 500 μM doses. Considering these results, it has been revealed that as the dose of heavy metals increases, the growth of the plant is retarded.

Keywords:

Heavy metals, Cucurbita pepo L., Plant tissue culture, Seed,

PDF

___

Heiser CB. Seed to civilization: The story of man’s food. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco 1973;243 p.
Robinson RW, Decker-Walters DS. Cucurbits In Crop Production Science In Horticultures Series. CAB International Depertmant of Horticultural Science. Cornell University and D.S. DeckerWalters. 1997;The Cucurbit Network.U.S.A.
Yadav M, Jain S, Tomar R, Prasad GB, Yadav H. Medicinal and biological potential of pumpkin: An updated review. Nutr. Res. Rev. 2010;23,184–190.
Kwiri R, Winini C, Musengi A, Mudyiwa M, Nyambi C, Muredzi P, Malunga A. Proximate composition of pumpkin gourd (Cucurbita pepo) seeds from Zimbabwe. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2014;3,279–283.
Kulczyński B, Gramza-Michałowska A. The profile of secondary metabolites and other bioactive compounds in Cucurbita pepo L. and Cucurbita moschata pumpkin cultivars. Molecules, 2019;24(16),2945.
Azevedo-Meleiro CH, Rodriguez-Amaya DB. Qualitative and Quantitative di_erences in carotenoid composition among Cucurbita moschata, Cucurbita maxima, and Cucurbita pepo. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007;55,4027–4033.
Kulaitiene J, Jariene E, Danilcenko H, Cerniauskiene J, Wawrzyniak A, Hamulka J, Jukneviciene E. Chemical composition of pumpkin (Cucurbita maximaD.) flesh flours used for food. J. Food Agric. Environ. 2014;12,61–64.
Seleim MAA, Ali HM, Hassan MAM. Comparative study of the beta-carotene, alphaTocopherol and pectin calues from three cultivars of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima). World J. Dairy Food. Sci. 2015;10,132–140.
FAO, 2020. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT. http://faostat.fao.org/ (Accessed: 20.12.2022)
TÜİK, 2021. Turkish Statistical Institute. http://www.tuik.gov.tr (Accessed: 20.12.2022)
Nagajyoti PC, Lee KD, Sreekanth TVM. Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Environ Chem Lett. 2010;8(3):199–216. DOI:10.1007/s10311-010-0297-8.
Zhu T, Li L, Duan Q, Liu X, & Chen M. Progress in our understanding of plant responses to the stress of heavy metal cadmium. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 2021;16(1),1836884.
Onundi YB, Mamun AA, Al Khatib MF, Ahmed YM. Adsorption of copper, nickel and lead ions from synthetic semiconductor industrial wastewater by palm shell activated carbon. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. 2010;7(4):751-758.
Sharma RK, Agrawal M. Biological effects of heavy metals: an overview. Journal of Environmental Biology, 2005;26(2),301-313.
Broadley MR, White PJ, Hammond JP, Zelko I, Lux A. Zinc in plants: tansley review. New Phytologist. 2007;173:677–702.
Zhang S, Song J. Geochemical cadmium anomaly and bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead by rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) from noncalcareous soils in the Guizhou Plateau. Sci Total Environ. 2018;644(10):624–634. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.230
Murashige T, & Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia plantarum, 1962;15(3), 473- 497.
Kara E, Sarıkaya MF, Çilesiz Y, Akkaş F, Karaköy T. & Baktemur, G. Determination of the Effects of Heavy Metals Applied at Different Doses In vitro Conditions on the Development of Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Plant. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences. 2022a;9 (4), 957-967. DOI: 10.30910/turkjans.1141400
Baran O, Kara E, Karaköy T, Baktemur G. Determination of the Effects of Some Heavy Metals Applied in vitro Conditions on the Development of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.). 8 th International Mardin Artuklu Scientific Researches Conference. 2022;June 4-6, 1296- 1314/ Mardin, Turkey.
Kara E, Baktemur G. Determining the Effects of Some Heavy Metal Applications on White Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea var. Capitata F. Alba) in In vitro Condıtıons. Ege 6th International Conference on Applied Sciences. September 2022;10-11, 2022/ İzmir pp.,254-262.
Sevim A, Yüce İ, Bekiş P, Çilesiz Y, Karaköy T. Determination of the effects of some heavy metals applied in vitro conditions on the development of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) 8th International Mardin Artuklu Scientific Researches Conference 2022;June 4-6, 2022, 1283-1295. Mardin, Turkey
Pereira GJG, Molina SMG, Lea PJ, Azevedo RA. Activity of antioxidant enzymes in response to cadmium in Crotalaria juncea Plant Soil, 2002;239 pp.123-132.
Guo Y, Marschner H. Uptake, distribution and binding of cadmium and nickel in different plant species J. Plant Nutr. 1995;18 pp.2691-2706
Boussama N. Ouariti O. Ghorbal MH. Changes in growth and nitrogen assimilation in barley seedlings under cadmium stress J. Plant Nutr. 1999;22.731-752
Khudsar T, Mahmooduzzafar, Iqbal M.. Cadmium-induced changes in leaf epidermis, photosynthetic rate and pigment concentration in Cajanus cajan Biol. Plant. 2001;44pp. 59-64
Acila S, Derouiche S, Allioui N. Embryo growth alteration and oxidative stress responses in germinating Cucurbita pepo seeds exposed to Tr. Doğa ve Fen Derg. Cilt 12, Sayı 1, Sayfa *-*, 2023 Tr. J. Nature Sci. Volume 12, Issue 1, Page *-*, 2023 7 cadmium and copper toxicity. Research Square; 2022;DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2189796/v1.
Deng B, Yang K, Zhang Y, Li Z. Can heavy metal pollution defend seed germination against heat stress? Effect of heavy metals (Cu(2+), Cd(2+) and Hg(2+)) on maize seed germination under high temperature. Environ Pollut. 2016;Sep;216:46-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.050. Epub 2016 May 26.PMID: 27239687.
Nouri M, El Rasafi T, & Haddioui A. Responses of Two Barley Subspecies to In vitro-Induced Heavy Metal Stress: Seeds Germination, Seedlings Growth and Cytotoxicity Assay. Agriculture/Pol'nohospodárstvo, 2019;65 (3):107−118.
Kara E, Çilesiz Y, Karaköy T, Baktemur G. ‘Determination of the Response of Melon (Cucumis melo) Plant to Some Heavy Metals In vitro Conditions’ International Anatolian Congress on Multidiciplinary Scientific Research. 2022b;12- 13 August 2022- Mardin/Türkiye. pp., 105-119.
Li HF, Gray C, Mico C, Zhao FJ, and Mc Grath SP. Phytotoxicity and bio availability of cobaltto plantsin arange of soils. Chemosphere. 2009;75, 979 – 986. DOI:10.1016/j. Chemosphere.2008.12.068
Tatar E, Mihucz V, Vaarga A, Faray G, Cseh E. Effect of lead, nickel and vanadium on organic acid transport in xylem sap of cucumber J. Inorg. Biol. 1999;75 pp.219-355
Tabaldi LA, Ruppenthal R, Cargnelutti D, Morsch VM, Pereira LB, Schetinger MRC. Effects of metal elements on acid phosphatase activity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings, Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2007;Volume 59,Issue 1, Pages 43-48,ISSN 0098-8472, DOI:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.10.009.
Verma S, Dubey RS. Lead toxicity induces lipid peroxidation and alters the activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice plants. Plant Science, 2003;164, 645-655. DOI:10.1016/S0168- 9452(03)00022-0
Ayhan B, Ekmekçi Y, Tanyolaç D. Investigatin of the Tolerance to Heavy Metal (Cadmium and Lead) Stress of some Maize Culivars at Early Seedling Stage. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology. 2007;8(2), 411-422.
Akıncı İE, Çalışkan Ü. Effect o f Lead on Seed Germination and Tolerance Levels in Some Summer Vegetables. Ecology. 2010;19(74),164- 172.DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2010.7420
Baktemur G. Determination of the Effects of Lead (Pb) Heavy Metal Prepared at Different Concentrations under in Vitro Conditions on the Growth of Arugula (Eruca sativa L.) Plant. ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2022;6(4), 828- 834.
Peralta JR, Gardea Torresdey JL, Tiemann KJ, Gomez E, Arteaga S, Rascon E, Parsons JG. Uptake and effects of five heavy metals on seed germination and plant growth in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) L. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2001;66 (6):727-734.
Jadia CD, Fulekar, MH. Phytoremediation: The application of vermicompost to remove zinc, cadmium, copper, nickel and lead by sunflower plant. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 2008;7(5):547-558.
Akıncı S, Akıncı İE. Effect of Nickel on Germination and Some Seedling Growth Parameters in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Ecology 2011;20, 79, 69-76.DOI: 10.5053/ekoloji.2011.799