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• Herbert A. Giles, A Chinese-English Dictionary. Shangai 1892.
• E.Sieg-W.Siegling-W.Schulze, Tocharische Grammatik, Göttingen 1931.
• Sir Gerard Clauson, An Etimological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish, Oxford 1972.
• Hüseyin Namık Orkun, Eski Türk Yazıtları, I. İstanbul 1936.
• Muharrem Ergin, Orhun Âbideleri, İstanbul 1970.
• Talât Tekin, A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic, Indiana University, Bloomington 1968.