YENİ VERİLER IŞIĞINDA ESKİ SMYRNA OK UÇLARI TİPOLOJİSİ

İzmir Körfezi’nin kuzeydoğusunda yer alan Bayraklı Höyüğü’nde, Tunç Çağları’ndan Hellenistik Dönem’e kadar kesintisiz bir yerleşimin varlığı arkeolojik verilerle kanıtlanmıştır. MÖ 11. yüzyıldan itibaren Batı Anadolu kıyılarına gerçekleşen göç hareketleri sonrasında bir Yunan polisi kimliği ile ekonomik açıdan büyüyen Eski Smyrna, sosyo-kültürel yapısında bu ekonomik büyümenin getirilerini yüksek kültür seviyesi ile ortaya koymuştur. Fakat çevresinde meydana gelen siyasi hareketlerin sonuçlarından etkilenen kent, jeopolitik konumunun önemi nedeniyle farklı güçlerin saldırılarına maruz kalmıştır. Lydia ve Pers gibi iki güçlü devlet tarafından iki kez ele geçirilen ve sonrasında Makedon saldırısına (?) maruz kalan kentte, bu organizasyonların askeri hareketleri arkeolojik verilerle net bir şekilde okunmaktadır. Bu verilerin kaynaklarından biri olan savaş araç gereçleri ve unsurları arasında en önemli başvuru kaynağı hiç şüphesiz ok uçlarıdır. Yakındoğu’dan Anadolu’ya ve Kıta Yunanistan’ına birçok merkezde ele geçen ok uçları yalnızca bir savaş unsuru değil aynı zamanda kutsal alanlara bırakılan bir adak eşyası ve ölü gömme uygulamalarında ölen bireylerin mezarlarına bırakılan bir mezar hediyesi işleviyle de tercih edilmiş bir nesnedir. Bu çalışmada, hem eski hem de yeni dönemde Eski Smyrna’da gerçekleştirilen kazılarda bulunan ok uçları ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmiş, ok uçlarının biçimsel ve işlevsel özelliklerine göre bir sınıflandırma oluşturulmuştur. Bu sınıflandırmayı yaparken, özellikle genel tipolojiye bağlı kalınmıştır. Bronz ve demir olarak iki ana başlıkta incelenen 133 ok ucu, kendi arasında tipolojik olarak gruplandırılarak, yakın ve uzak çevredeki merkezlerden ele geçen benzer örneklerle karşılaştırılmıştır. 2014 yılından itibaren devam eden yeni dönem kazılarında tespit edilen ok uçları için, bulundukları kontekstler ile birlikte tarihlendirme önerileri getirilmiştir. Özellikle kentte meydana gelen askeri harekâtlarla ilişkili tahribatların ok uçlarıyla bağlantısı üzerinde durulmuştur. Özetle, Batı Anadolu coğrafyasının önemli kentlerinden biri olan Eski Smyrna’da bronz ve demir ok ucu buluntularının bu çalışmada yayınlanması literatüre kritik katkılar sağlayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Eski Smyrna, Ok ucu, Bronz, Demir, Savaş, Silahlar

THE ARROWHEADS TYPOLOGY OF OLD SMYRNA IN THE LIGHT OF NEW DATA

The archaeological records prove the existence of a continuous settlement in Bayrakli Mound, located northeast of Izmir Bay, from the Bronze Ages until the Hellenistic Period. Migration movements to the Western Anatolian coasts beginning in the 11th century BC revealed the benefits of economic growth in Old Smyrna's socio-cultural structure and the city's identity as a Greek Polis. However, due to the importance of its geopolitical position and the outcomes of political events, the city was vulnerable to invasions from different powers. The military actions in the city which was captured by Lydia and Persia and later sieged by Macedonians (?) can be clearly recognized with archaeological data. Arrowheads are one of the sources of information for this data and are unquestionably the essential reference source among ordnance. Arrowheads, found in many places from the Near East to Anatolia and the Greek Mainland, were not only used in warfare, but they were also popular as a votive item given in the sanctuary and as a funerary offering left in the graves during burial customs. In this study, arrowheads unearthed in Old Smyrna throughout the previous and recent excavations were examined in-depth, and classification was developed based on the arrowheads' shape and functional qualities. A total of 133 bronze and iron arrowheads were classified typologically and compared to similar samples acquired from nearby and distant sites. The arrowheads discovered in recent excavations, ongoing since 2014, have been dated together with the context. This study particularly emphasizes the correlation between the destructions associated with the military actions in the city and the arrowheads. Therefore, this study of bronze and iron arrowhead findings in Old Smyrna, one of the most important cities in Western Anatolia, will critically contribute to the literature.

Keywords:

Old Smyrna, Arrowhead, Bronze, Iron, War, Weapons,

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