AMERİKAN BASININDA ANKARA HÜKÜMETİ TEMSİLCİSİ REFET PAŞA’NIN İSTANBUL’DAKİ YÖNETİMİ

Bu çalışmada Ankara Hükümeti temsilcisi olarak İstanbul’a gönderilmiş olan Refet Paşa’nın İstanbul’daki faaliyetlerinin Amerikan basınındaki yansımaları ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, Refet Paşa’nın çalışmaları ve müttefik temsilcileriyle olan ilişkilerinin Amerikan basını tarafından okuyucuya sunum şeklinin ortaya çıkarılmasıdır. Bu amaçla öncelikle konuyla ilgili haber ve yazılar tespit edilmiş ve bunların tasnifi yapılmıştır. Yaşanan gelişmeleri çoğunlukla olduğu gibi okuyucunun bilgisine sunmuş olan haberler öncelikli olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Propaganda amaçlı ve yalan yanlış bilgi içerdiği tespit edilen yazılar değerlendirme dışında tutulmuştur. Çalışmada mukayeseli analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Buna göre Amerikan basınında konuyla ilgili yer almış olan haberler, yerli kaynaklar ve bilhassa yerli basındaki bilgilerle karşılaştırıldıktan sonra değerlendirme kapsamına alınmıştır. Refet Paşa’nın İstanbul’daki faaliyetlerinin Amerikan basını tarafından dikkatle takip edildiği ve konuyla ilgili binlerce haber ve yazının ilgili basında yer aldığı anlaşılmıştır. Çalışmanın muhtemel bulguları, Amerikan basınının Refet Paşa’nın İstanbul’daki idaresine bakışının ortaya çıkarılması ve konuyla ilgili literatüre katkıda bulunulmasıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Refet Paşa, Refet Bele, İstanbul Mümessili, Ankara Hükümeti İstanbul Temsilcisi, Refet Paşa, Refet Bele, İstanbul Mümessili, Ankara Hükümeti İstanbul Temsilcisi

Refet Pasha, Istanbul Representative of the Ankara Government in the American Press

In this paper, the reflections on the activities of Refet Pasha, who was sent to Istanbul as the representative of the Ankara Government, in the American press were discussed. The study aims to reveal the way of presentation of Refet Pasha's works and his relations with allied representatives to the reader through the American press. For this purpose, news and articles related to the subject were first determined and their classification was made. The news that presented the developments to the reader information, as they are mostly, were evaluated as a priority. Articles found to contain propaganda and false information were excluded from the evaluation. The comparative analysis method was used in the study. Accordingly, the news on the subject in the American press was included in the scope of the evaluation after they were compared with the local sources and especially the information in the local press. It has been understood that the activities of Refet Pasha in Istanbul were carefully followed by the American press and thousands of news and articles on the subject appeared in the relevant press. The possible findings of the study are to reveal the view of the American press on the administration of Refet Pasha in Istanbul and to contribute to the literature on the subject.

Keywords:

Refet Pasha, Refet Bele, Istanbul Representative, Ankara Government’s Istanbul Governor, Refet Pasha, Refet Bele, Istanbul Representative, Ankara Government’s Istanbul Governor,

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British Soldiers Killed, Two Assassinated During Night, St. Albans Daily Messenger, Vermont, November 09, 1922, p.1.
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Kemalist Gendarmerie is at Constantinople, Reach There in spite of Orders to Remain Away, Altoona Tribune, Pennsylvania, October 19, 1922, p.1.
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Kemalists Violate Peace, Seize Constantinople and Orders Allies to Evacuate, The Palm Beach Post, Florida, November 06, 1922, p.1.
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Ministry of Sultan Quits, Nationalist Government Takes Control, The Journal and Tribune, Tennessee, November 06, 1922, p.1.
New Turkish Crisis Seen, The Bremen Enquirer, Indiana, November 09, 1922, p.2.
Procrastinating Over Dynamite, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, New York, November 07, 1922, p.6.
Rafet Gets Plain Words from British, The Selma Times-Journal, Alabama, November 07, 1922, p.1.
Rafet Pasha has Audience with Sultan, The North Adams Transcript, Massachusetts, October 30, 1922, p.1.
Rafet Pasha has Policy of Annoyance, Oakland Tribune, California, November 17, 1922, p.1.
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Rafet Pasha Refused Permit to Cross Capital on Way into Eastern Thrace, Reno Evening Gazette, Nevada, October 24, 1922, p.1.
Rafet Pasha Rules in Constantinople, The Evening Times, Pennsylvania, November 24, 1922, p.1., “Constantinople Now Ruled by Rafet Pasha” The Omaha Bee, Nebraska, November 28, 1922, p.2.
Rafet Pasha Says Nationalists Have Most Powerful Army of World, The Asheville Citizen, North Carolina, October 21, 1922, p.5.
Rafet Tells Aims of Democratic Turkey, first Governor of Constantinople Grants Interview, The Commercial Appeal, Tennessee, November 07, 1922, p.20.
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Refet Pasha Replaced, Daily News, New York, November 23, 1922, p.3.
Report Ali Hanged, The Topeka State Journal, Kansas, November 07, 1922, p.3.
Report British Arrest Rafet, Chicago Tribune, Illinois, November 13, 1922, p.2.
Restless Night in Constantinople, Celebration in Honor of Rafet Pasha was Boisterous and Believed Dangerous, The Evansville Journal, Indiana, October 24, 1922, p.9.
Rope Threat Speeds Turk Cabinet to Quit, The Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia, November 06, 1922, p.1.
Sensation in Near East Situation, The Sumter Daily Item, South Carolina, November 06, 1922, p.1.
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Stamboul Radiant when Turks Enter, Show Some Alarm at Return of Turk to Europe Stronger Than Ever, The New York Herald, New York, October 20, 1922, p.4.
Sultan and Cabinet Defy Nationalists, The Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia, November 05, 1922, p.2.
Sultan Keeps Throne, Lawrence Daily Journal-World, Kansas, October 31, 1922, p.1.
Sultan Only Religious Chief, Democracy of Turkey is Pledged in Refet’s Scorn, Dayton Daily News, Ohio, October 25, 1922 p.9.
Sultan Snubbed by Kemal Envoy, Rafet Pasha Recognizes no Grand Vizier, The Chattanooga News, Tennessee, October 20, 1922, p.22.
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Sultan’s Cousin Becomes Caliph, Turks Install Abdul Medjid Amid Picturesque Ceremonies, The Washington Herald, Washington, November 25, 1922, p.1.
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Turkey in Serious Disorder, Constantinople in Hands of Nationalists; Allied Soldiers are Ordered out, The Bristol Herald Courier, Virginia-Tennessee, November 06, 1922, p.1.
Turks are Planning Big Celebration in Rafet Pasha’s Honor, Morning Examiner, Oklahoma, October 19, 1922, p.5.
Turks Demand Allies Retire, Nationalists Order All Foreign Troops to Withdraw from Constantinople, The Brattleboro Daily Reformer, Vermont, November 06, 1922, p.5.
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Turks to Call on British to Yield Sultan for His Trial, New York Tribune, New York, November 18, 1922, p.1.
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