Cemalettin BUDAK, İzzet UÇAN, Sibel TETİK DÜNDAR, Cuma MERTOĞLU

Erkek kayakçılarda mevsimsel döngülere göre d vitamini, kortizol ve testosteron değerlerinin incelenmesi

Kayak, tüm kış sporlarının en önemli temsil gücüne sahip olan bir branş olabilir. Yüksek bir popülerlik ve nüfusa sahiptir ve kendi içinde alt branşlara ayrılmıştır. Mevsimsel döngülere, antrenman seviyelerine ve yıl boyunca yaşam koşullarına bağlı olarak sporcularda farklı performans ve fizyolojik göstergelerle karşılaşmak bazen mümkündür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, erkek kayakçılarda mevsimsel döngülere göre D vitamini, kortizol ve testosteron değerlerini incelemektir. Çalışmaya 12-18 yaş arasındaki 14 erkek kayakçı katılmıştır. Katılımcılar yaş aralıklarına göre iki grup olarak incelenmiştir. Grup 1, yaş ortalaması 13,0±0,8 yıl, boy ortalaması 153,2±8,0 cm ve vücut ağırlığı ortalaması 45,7±2,7 kg olan 7 erkeği içermektedir. Grup 2 ise yaş ortalaması 16,8±1,3 yıl, boy ortalaması 166,0±4,0 cm ve vücut ağırlığı ortalaması 64,2±6,6 kg olan 7 erkeği içermektedir. Katılımcıların yaş, boy ve vücut ağırlığı verilerini standart yöntemlerle belirledik. Anaerobik güç seviyesini belirlemek için bir Wingate testi (WAnT) uyguladık. Oturur pozisyonda antekubital veninden kan örnekleri aldık. Tüm testleri Ocak, Nisan, Haziran ve Kasım aylarında 2.000 metre rakımda bir kez gerçekleştirdik. Grup 1'in iç grup karşılaştırma sonuçlarında kortizol, WBC, HCT, PP ve MP parametrelerinde anlamlı fark bulduk. Grup 2'de ise vitamin D, PP, AP ve PD parametrelerinde anlamlı fark bulduk. İnter grup karşılaştırma sonuçlarında ise sadece testosteron hormonunda anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur

Anahtar Kelimeler:

D vitamini, testosteron, kortizol, anaerobik güç.

Study on Vitamin D, Cortisol and Testosterone Values in Male Skiers by Seasonal Cycles

Objective: Ski may be a branch which has the most important representation power of all winter sports. It has further been characterized by a high popularity and population which is divided into sub-branches among itself. One sometimes encounters different performance and physiological indicators in the athletes depending on seasonal cycles, training levels and living conditions during the year. The object of this study is to study vitamin D, cortisol and testosterone values in male skiers by seasonal cycles. Material and Methods: Fourteen male skiers between 12 and 18 years of age participated in the study. Participants were studied in two groups by their age ranges. The Group 1 included 7 males whose age average was 13.0±0.8 years, height average was 153.2±8.0 cm and body weight average were 45.7±2.7 kg. The Group 2 included 7 males whose age average was 16.8±1.3 years, height average was 166.0±4.0 cm and body weight average were 64.2±6.6 kg. We determined the age, height and body mass data of the participants by standard methods. We performed a Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) in order to determine the anaerobic power level. We took blood samples from the antecubital vein in a seated position. We performed all tests at an altitude of 2.000 meters once in January, April, June and November each. Results: We found a significant difference in the cortisol, WBC, HCT, PP and MP parameters in the intra-group comparison results in the Group 1. And there was a significant difference in vitamin D, PP, AP and PD parameters in the Group 2. In the inter-group comparison results, we found a significant difference only in the testosterone hormone. Conclusions: We thought that the study results supported the literature to a great extent.

Keywords:

Vitamin D, Testosterone, Cortisol, Anaerobic Power,

PDF

___

Abate, M., & Salini, V. (2022). Oxidative stress, testosterone, cortisol and vitamin d: differences in professional soccer players of african and caucasian origin. Med Princ Pract, 31, 352-358.
Bhasin, S., Travison, T.G., Storer, T.W., Lakshman, K., Kaushik, M., Mazer, N.A., et al. (2012). Effect of testosterone supplementation with and without a dual 5a-reductase inhibitor on fat-free mass in men with suppressed testosterone production: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 307,931-9.
Borst, S.E., Yarrow, J.F., Conover, C.F., Nseyo, U., Meuleman, J.R., Lipinska, J.A., et al. (2014). Musculoskeletal and prostate effects of combined testosterone and finasteride administration in older hypogonadal men: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 306, E433-42.
Bouillon, R., Carmeliet, G., Verlinden, L., van Etten, E., Verstuyf, A., Luderer, H.F., et al. (2008). Vitamin d and human health: lessons from vitamin d receptor null mice. Endocr Rev, 29, 726-776.
Chan, S., & Debono, M. (2010). Replication of cortisol circadian rhythm: new advances in hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab, 1, 129-38.
Çubukçu, M., Acı, R., & Müderrisoğlu, S. (2019). Samsun ilinde d vitamini düzeylerinin yaş, cinsiyet ve mevsimsel özelliklere göre değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Med J, 4, 769-75.
Duclos, M., Gouarne, C., & Bonnemaison, D. (2003). Acute and chronic effects of exercise on tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids. J Appl Physiol, 94,869-75.
Floyd, M., Ayyar, D.R., Barwick, D.D., Hudgson, P., & Weightman, D. (1974). Myopathy in chronic renal failure. Q J Med, 43,509-524.
Girgis, C.M., Clifton-Bligh, R.J., Hamrick, M.W., Holick, M.F., & Gunton, J.E. (2013). The roles of vitamin d in skeletal muscle: form, function, and metabolism. Endocr Rev, 34, 33-83.
Gouarne, C., Groussard, C., Gratas-Delamarche, A., Delamarche, P., & Duclos, M. (2005). Overnight urinary cortisol and cortisone add new insights into adaptation to training. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 37,1157-67.
Hsu, S.C., & DeFranco, D.B. (1995). Selectivity of cell cycle regulation of glucocorticoid receptor function. J Biol Chem, 270,3359-64.
Jardi, F., Laurent, M.R., Dubois, V., Kim, N., Khalil, R., Decallonne, B., et al. (2018). Androgen and estrogen actions on male physical activity: a story beyond muscle. J Endocrinol, 238, R31-52.
Johnson, J.A., Grande, J.P., Roche, P.C., & Kumar, R. (1996). Ontogeny of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 receptor in fetal rat bone. J Bone Miner Res, 11, 56-61.
Kraemer, W.J., Fleck, S.J., Dziados, J.E., Harman, E.A., Marchitelli, L.J., Gordon, S.E., et al. (1993). Changes in hormonal concentrations after different heavy resistance exercise protocols in women. J Appl Physiol, 75, 594-604.
Kraemer, W.J., Patton, J.F., Gordon, S.E., Harman, E.A., Deschenes, M.R., Reynolds, K., et al. (1995). Compatibility of high-intensity strength and endurance training on hormonal and skeletal muscle adaptations. J Appl Physiol, 78, 976-89.
Kraemer, W.J., Ratamess, N.A., & Nindl, B.C. (2017). Recovery responses of testosterone, growth hormone, and igf-1 after resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol, 122, 549-58.
Kraemer, W.J., Ratamess, N.A., Hymer, W.C., Nindl, B.C., & Fragala, M.S. (2020). Growth hormone(s), testosterone, insulin-like growth factors, and cortisol: roles and integration for cellular development and growth with exercise. Front Endocrinol, 11, 33.
Lamberts, S.W., Huizenga, A.T., de Lange, P., de Jong, F.H., & Koper, J.W. (1996). Clinical aspects of glucocorticoid sensitivity. Steroids, 61, 157-60.
Lombardi, G., Vitale, J.A., Logoluso, S., Logoluso, G., Cocco, N., Cocco, G., et al. (2017). Circannual rhythm of plasmatic vitamin D levels and the association with markers of psychophysical stress in a cohort of Italian professional soccer players. Chronobiol Int, 34, 471-479.
Lovell, G. (2008). Vitamin d status of females in an elite gymnastics program. Clin J Sport Med, 18,159-161.
MacKrell, J.G., Yaden, B.C., Bullock, H., Chen, K., Shetler, P., Bryant, H.U., et al. (2015). Molecular targets of androgen signaling that characterize skeletal muscle recovery and regeneration. Nucl Recept Signal, 13, e005.
MacLean, H.E., Chiu, W.S., Notini, A.J., Axell, A.M., Davey, R.A., McManus, J.F., et al. (2008). Impaired skeletal muscle development and function in male, but not female, genomic androgen receptor knockout mice. FASEB J. 22, 2676-89.
Michalczyk, M.M., Goła´s, A., Maszczyk, A., Kaczka, P., & Zajac, A. (2020). Influence of sunlight and oral d3 supplementation on serum 25(oh)d concentration and exercise performance in elite soccer players. Nutrients, 12, 1311.
Munck, A., Guyre, P.M., & Holbrook, N.J. (1984). Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocr Rev, 5,25-44.
Öğüş, E., Sürer, H., Kılınç, A.Ş., Fidancı, V., Yılmaz, G., Dindar, N., et al. (2015). D vitamini düzeylerinin aylara, cinsiyete ve yaşa göre değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Med J, 15, 1-5.
Owens, D.J., Allison, R., & Close, G.L. (2018). Vitamin d and the athlete: current perspectives and new challenges. Sports Med, 48,3-16.
Pollanen, E., Kangas, R., Horttanainen, M., Niskala, P., Kaprio, J., Butler-Browne, G., et al. (2015). Intramuscular sex steroid hormones are associated with skeletal muscle strength and power in women with different hormonal status. Aging Cell, 14,236-48.
Polman, J.A.E., Hunter, R.G., Speksnijder, N., van den Oever, J.M.E., Korobko, O.B., McEwen, B.S., et al. (2012). Glucocorticoids modulate the mtor pathway in the hippocampus: differential effects depending on stress history. Endocrinology, 153, 4317-27.
Ross, A.C., Manson, J.E., Abrams, S.A., Aloia, J.F., Brannon, P.M., Clinton, S.K., et al. (2011). The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin d from the institute of medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 96, 53-58.
Rossetti, M.L., Steiner, J.L., & Gordon, B.S. (2017). Androgen-mediated regulation of skeletal muscle protein balance. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 447, 35-44.
Seo, M.W., Song, J.K., Jung, H.C., Kim, S.W., Kim, J.H., & Lee, J.M. (2019). The associations of vitamin d status with athletic performance and blood-borne markers in adolescent athletes: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16, 3422.
Sheffield-Moore, M., & Urban, R.J. (2004). An overview of the endocrinology of skeletal muscle. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 15, 110-5.
Topal, İ., Mertoğlu, C., Arslan, Y.K., Gümüş, A., Sürücü Kara, İ., & Peker, N. (2018). Erzincan bölgesindeki çocukların d vitamini seviyelerinin yaş, cinsiyet ve mevsimlere göre değerlendirilmesi. Fırat Med J, 23, 168-172.
Vingren, J.L., Kraemer, W.J., Ratamess, N.A., Anderson, J.M., Volek, J.S., & Maresh, C.M. (2010). Testosterone physiology in resistance exercise and training: the up-stream regulatory elements. Sports Med, 40, 1037-53.
Willis, K.S., Peterson, J., & Larson-Meyer, D.E. (2008). Should we be concerned about the vitamin d status of athletes? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 18, 204-224.