Nazim PAŞAYEV, Onur TEKOĞLU, Süreyya KOCATEPE, Müslüm EROL, Nesli MARAŞ

THE MACHINE METHOD FOR PROCESSING CHICKEN FEATHERS BY SPLITTING THEM INTO FIBERS AND RACHIS

Chicken feathers are obtained as a by-product in the production of poultry meat. Due to its stiffness, fragility and inelasticity, chicken feathers are not considered a valuable material and are mostly industrial waste, the volume of which is increasing. Therefore, chicken meat producers are trying to get rid of them in every possible way. In recent years, instead of getting rid of chicken feathers, research has been carried out towards using their wonderful properties from nature. Among these studies, a special place is occupied by the production of fibers from chicken feathers, which could be used in the textile industry. The presented work concerns the development of a mechanized method for the production of fiber from chicken feathers on an industrial scale. The proposed method is based on the separation of the fibrous part of the feather from the stem of the feather by mechanical cutting using an aerodynamic disperser. With this method, protein fibers with many valuable properties have been obtained, the weight of which is half that of chicken feathers. In addition to these fibers, called chicken feather fibers, a feather stalk is obtained as a by-product, which, due to its lightness and strength, is a suitable raw material for the production of composites. In this work, the properties of the products obtained by the above-mentioned method were studied, and it was determined that the materials obtained as a result of processing the produced chicken feathers are raw materials suitable for industrial use. The production parameters of the machine used to separate the fibers from the stem were also investigated and it was observed that the operating parameters of the machine did not adversely affect the natural properties of the fibers produced.

TAVUK TÜYLERİNİN MAKİNE İLE LİF VE SAP KISIMLARINA AYRIŞTIRILARAK İŞLENMESİ YÖNTEMİ

Tavuk eti üretiminde yan ürün olarak ortaya çıkan tavuk tüyü değerli bir hammadde olarak görülmediğinden çok büyük bir kısmı atık durumundadır ki, tavuk eti üreticileri yakma veya toprağa gömme yoluyla onlardan kurtulmaya çalışıyorlar. Son yıllar tavuk tüylerinden kurtulmak yerine bu tüylerden faydalı bir şekilde yararlanılması ve onlara kullanım alanları bulunması daha çok dikkat çekmektedir ve bu yönde çok sayıda araştırmalar yapılmaktadır. Bu araştırmalar arasında tavuk tüylerinden tekstilde kullanılabilir liflerin üretimi özel bir yer almaktadır. Sunulan çalışma, tavuk tüylerinden sanayi çapında lif üretimi için bir makineli yöntemin geliştirilmesi ile ilgilidir. Önerilen yöntem, aerodinamik dispergatör esaslı bir makine kullanarak tavuk tüyünün omurgasını teşkil eden tüy sapından tüyün lifsi kısmının mekanik kesme yoluyla ayrıştırılmasına dayanmaktadır. Bu usulle tavuk tüyünün ağırlığının yarısı ağırlıkta birçok değerli özelliklere sahip protein lifleri elde edilmiştir. Tavuk tüyü lifleri olarak adlanan bu liflerin yanı sıra yan ürün olarak tüy sapı elde edilmektedir ki, değerli özelliklerinden dolayı kompozit üretimi için elverişli ham maddedir. Makalede söz konusu yöntemle elde edilen ürünlerin özellikleri incelenmiş, üretilen tavuk tüylerinin işlenmesiyle elde edilen malzemelerin endüstriyel kullanıma uygun hammaddeler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Liflerin tüyden ayrıştırılması için kullanılan makinenin üretim parametreleri da incelenerek, makinenin çalışma parametrelerinin üretilmiş liflerin özelliklerini olumsuz yönde etkilemediği görülmüştür.

PDF

___

1. Animal Planet. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/58ae71f58f d7418294f34c4f841895d8. Last viewed: 28.06.2021.
2. The New York Times, (2018). Available at: (https://www. todayonline.com/world/65-billion-chickens-consumed-each-yearcould- be-age-chicken). Last viewed: 19.06.2020.
3. Reddy, N., Yang, Y., (2007), Structure and properties of chicken feather barbs as natural protein fibers, J. Polymers and The Environment, 15(2), 81–87.
4. Fan, X., (2008), Value-added products from chicke feather fibers and protein, Ph. D. Dissertation, Auburn, Alabama.
5. Alonso, R.S., Sanches, R., Marcicano, J.J.P., (2013), Chicken feather - study of physical properties of textile fibers for commercial use, J. Textile and Fashion Technology, 3(2), 29-38.
6. Parkinson, G., (1998). Chementator: A higher use for lowly chicken feathers? Chemical Engineering, 105(3), 21.
7. Piskaeva, A.I., (2016), Biotechnological aspects of waste disposal of poultry processing enterprises, Unique Research 21 Century, 10(22), 5-25.
8. Cahaner, A., Tzur, N., Azoulay, Y., Yadgari, L., Hadad, Y., (2010), Featherless broilers may lower the costs and the environmental impact of poultry meat production under hot conditions, Proc. of the WCGALP, Leipzig, Germany.
9. N. Reddy, Y. Yang, (2010), Light-Weight polypropylene composites reinforced with whole chicken feathers, J. Applied Polymer Science, 116(6), 3668–3675.
10. Amieva, E.J.-C., Velasco-Santos, C., Martinez-Hernandez, A.L., Rivera-Armenta, J.L., Mendoza-Martinez, A.M., Castan, V.M., (2015), Composites from chicken feathers quill and recycled polypropylene, J. Composite Materials, 49(3), 275–283.
11. Huda, S., Yang, Y., (2008), Composites from ground chicken quill and polypropylene. Composites Science and Technology, Composites Science and Technology, 68(3), 790–798.
12. Barone, J.R., Schmidt, W.F., (2005), Polyethylene reinforced with keratin fibers obtained from chicken feathers. Composites Science and Technology, Composites Science and Technology, 65(2), 173- 181.
13. Martinez-Hernandez, A.L., Velasco-Santos, C., de Icaza, M., Castano, V.M., (2005), Mechanical properties evaluation of new composites with protein biofibers reinforcing poly(methyl methacrylate), Polymer, 46(19), 8233-8238.
14. Jerrold, E., Winandy, J.E., Muehl, J.H., Glaeser, J.A., Schmidt, W., (2007), Chicken feather fiber as an additive in mdf composites, J. Natural Fibers, 4(1), 35-48
15. Uzun, M., Sancak, E., Patel, I., Us ta, I., Akalın, M., Yuksek, M., (2011), Mechanical behavior of chicken quills and chicken feather fibers reinforced polymeric composites, Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, 52(2), 82-86.
16. Cheng, S., Lau, K., Liu, T., Zhao, Y., Lam, P.-M., Yin, Y., (2009), Mechanical and thermal properties of chicken feather fiber/PLA green composites, Composites: Part B, 40(7), 650–654.
17. Baba, B.O., Özmen, U., (2015), Preparation and mechanical characterization of chicken feather/pla composites. polymer composites, Polymer Composites, 38(5), 837-845.
18. Meyers, M.A., Chen, P.-Y., Lin, A.M.-Y., Seki, Y., (2008), Biological materials: structure and mechanical properties, Progress in Materials Science, 53(1), 1-206.
19. Meyers, M.A., Chen, P.-Y., Lopez, M.I., Seki, Y., Lin, A.Y., (2011), Biological materials: A materials science approach, J. Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 4(5), 626-657.
20. Kock, J.W., (2006), Physical and Mechanical Properties of Chicken Feather Materials, M. S. Dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology
21. Zhan, M., Wool, R.P., (2011), Mechanical properties of chicken feather fibers, Polymer Composites, 32(6), 937–944.
22. Martinez-Hernandez, A.L., Santos, C.V., (2012), Keratin fibers from chicken-feathers: Structure and advances in polymer composites, In: “Keratin structure, properties and applications” (R. Dullaart, J. Mousques Eds.), Nova Science Publishers, New York.
23. Saravanan, K., Dhurai, B., (2012), Exploration on amino acid content and morphological structure in chicken feather fiber, J. Textile and Apparel Technology and Management. 7(3), 1-6.
24. Sudalaiyandi, G., (2012), Characterizing the cleaning process of chicken feathers, M.S. Dissertation, Un iversity of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
25. Kocatepe, S., (2019). Production of nonwoven surfaces from chicken feather fibers for sound insulation, Ph. D. Dissertation, Erciyes University, Turkey.
26. Gassner, G., Schmidt, W., Line, M.J., Thomas, C., Waters, R.M., (1995), U. S. Patent, 5705030A.
27. Tseng, F.-C.J., (2011), Biofiber Production from Chicken Feather, M. S. Dissertation, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
28. Martinez-Hernandez, A.L., Velasco-Santos, C., de Icaza, M., Castano, V.M., (2005), Microstructural characterization of keratin fibers from chicken feathers, Int. J. Environment and Pollution, 23(2), 162-178.
29. Pasayev, N., (2017), Fiber Production from Chicken Feather with Industrial Method, Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design, 110(3).
30. Bartels, T., (2003), Variations in the morphology, distribution, and arrangement of feathers in domesticated birds, J. Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution. 298(1), 91-108.
31. Pasayev, N., Tekoglu, O., (2019), The use of chicken feather fibers as filling material in winter clothes for heat insulation purposes, Int. J. Clothing Science and Technology, 31(10), 259-271.
32. Tesfaye, T., Sithole, B., Ramjugernath, D., Chunilall, V., (2017), Valorization of chicken feathers: Characterization of physical properties and morphological structure, J. Cleaner Production, 149, 349-365.