ÇEVRE DOSTU RETENAJ UYGULAMALARI: TABAKHANE KİRLİLİK YÜKÜNÜ AZALTMAK İÇİN TABAKLAMA SONRASI SÜREÇLERDE TRANSGLUTAMİNAZ ENZİMİNİN (TGase) ROLÜ

Deri sektörü, deri üretim işlemlerinden kaynaklanan çevre kirliliği nedeniyle artan bir baskı altındadır. Üretimin ve ürünün çevreye olan etkisini en aza indirmek açısından temiz üretim yöntemleri büyük önem taşımaktadır. Temiz üretim süreçlerinde, geleneksel teknolojilerin yerine enzimlerin kullanımı veya enzim destekli yöntemler, çevre kirliliğini azaltmak açısından yeni alternatif teknolojiler arasında umut vaad etmektedir. Transglutaminaz (TGase) enzimi, gıda sistemlerinde, proteinlerinin fonksiyonel özelliklerini değiştirmek için yaygın olarak kullanılan transferaz sınıfı bir enzimdir. TGase enziminin en önemli özelliği çapraz bağ oluşumunu arttırmasıdır. Bu çalışmada, deri üretimi sırasında, retenaj işleminde TGase enziminden yararlanma olanakları araştırılarak, TGase kullanımının, deri özellikleri ve proses atıksularının kirlilik yükü üzerine etkisi ortaya konulmuştur. Araştırmada üç farklı grup oluşturulmuştur. Birinci grupta; %1, %2 ve %3 olmak üzere farklı oranlarda TGase enzimi kullanılarak optimum TGase enzimi oranı tespit edilmiştir. İkinci grupta; retenaj işleminde yağlama ve boyama işlemi dışında hiçbir dolgu maddesi kullanılmamıştır. Üçüncü grupta ise; geleneksel bir retenaj yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Tüm gruplarda yağlama ve boyama işlemleri aynı şekilde yapılmıştır. Her bir yöntemde ortaya çıkan atıksuların kirlilik yükü ile derilerin hidrotermal stabilitesi, renk özellikleri, çekme dayanımı ve uzama, yırtılma yükü dayanımı ve organoleptik özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları; enzim destekli retenaj yönteminin derilerin fiziksel özelliklerini diğer ikiyönteme göre iyileştirdiğini göstermiştir. Derilerin hidrotermal stabilitesi ise, TGase kullanılan örneklerde diğer deri örneklerine göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Yöntemler arasında en çarpıcı sonuç ise, proses sonucu oluşan atıksu kirlilik yükünde elde edilmiştir; retenaj işleminde TGase kullanımın kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacını geleneksel retenaj yöntemine göre yaklaşık %47, toplam azot miktarının ise; %50,4 oranında azalttığı ortaya konmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Çevre dostu, Transglutaminaz enzimi, Deri, KOİ, Retenaj

ECO-FRIENDLY RETANNING APPLICATIONS: ROLE OF TRANSGLUTAMINASE ENZYME (TGase) IN POST TANNING PROCESSES FOR TANNERY POLLUTION LOAD REDUCTION

Tanning industry is under increasing pressure owing to the environmental polution arising from leather manufacturing processes. Clean manufacturing processes are of vital importance in order to minimize the effects of the manufacturing process and product on the environment. In clean manufacturing processes, the use of enzymes or enzyme aided methods instead of the traditional technologies look promising among the new alternative technologies targeting the minimization of environmental polution. Transglutaminase enzyme(TGase) is a transferase class enzyme which is commonly used in food manufacturing to change the functional properties of the proteins. The most crucial characteristic feature of TGase enzyme is that the increase in the generation of cross links.In this study, the possible use of TGase enzyme in retannage process was investigated, and the effects of TGase enzyme on the properties of the leather and the pollution load of the process wastewaters was presented. Three different groups was formed and in the first group, the optimum TGase proportion was determined by means of using a variety of 1, 2, and 3% TGase enyzme respectively. In the second group, during the retannage process no filling agents were used in fatliquoring and dyeing processes. Where as in the third group a traditional retannage method was performed. In all three groups the fatliquoring and dyeing processes were carried out by the same procedure. The pollution load of the wastewaters, the hydrothermal stability of the leathers, color properties, tensile strength, elongation at break and tear load and organoleptic properties were investigated for each group. The result of the study has shown that the enzyme aided retannage method was improved the physical properties of the leathers in comparison to the other two methods employed. As for the hydrothermal stability of the leathers; the stability was found to be higher in the samples aided by TGase enzyme. The most remarkable result among the methods was obtained by the pollution load of the wastewaters.. It has been revealed that the use of TGase enzyme in retannage process was reduced the demand of chemical oxygen(COD) by a rate of 47% and the total nitrogen by a rate of 50.4% in contrast with the traditional retannage method.

Keywords:

Ecofriendly, Transglutaminase enzyme, Leather, COD, Retanning,

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