NİJERYA VE GAMBİA'DAKİ ANAYASAL ŞERİAT VE KADI MAHKEMELERİNİN ANAYASAYA AYKIRILIĞI: HUKUK MESLEĞİNDE AYRIMCI ARAÇLAR
Bir Anayasanın Önsözü'nün yargılanabilirlik ve yargılanamazlık ikiliği, Carl Schmitt'in anayasal teorisinde mutlak, göreceli ve pozitif Anayasa kavramlarıyla çözülür. Bu kavramlar anayasa teorisini oluşturmuştur: anayasaya dayanan kanunlar öncelikle anayasa temelinde geçerlidir ve bir anayasayı varsayarlar. Bu araştırma, anayasa yasalarının (anayasal hükümlerin) geçerliliği için iki faktörlülüğün yerine getirilmesi gereği teorisini sentezlemiştir: Halkın katılımı ve Önsöz – halkın temel siyasi kararı. Ek olarak, Nijerya ve Gambiya'daki Şeriat ve Kadı Mahkemelerinin anayasal hükümleri iki faktörlülük ilkesinin sentezlenmesi sonucunda şu bulgular ortaya çıkmıştır: Nijerya Şeriat Temyiz Mahkemelerinin anayasal hükümleri geçersizdir; 1996 yılunda Kadı Mahkemeleri'nin kurulması için yapılan Gambiya referandumu amaçsızca yapılmıştır; 2001 yılında Kadı Mahkemelerinin yargı yetkisinin genişletilmesine ve Kadı Temyiz Heyetlerinin kurulmasına ilişkin anayasal hükümler geçersizdir; Nijerya, anayasasının Önsözünden dolayı laik bir devlettir, Gambiya ise anayasal teori temelinde laik bir devlettir; ve Nijerya ve Gambiya'daki tüm hukukçular, her iki yargı alanının Şeriat ve Kadı Mahkemelerinde Kadı veya Kadı ve Büyük Kadı olarak istihdam edilme nitelikleri bakımından anayasa ve kanunları önünde eşit değildir.
Anahtar Kelimeler:
Anayasa, Anayasa Hukuku, Şeriat ve Kadı Mahkemeleri, Laiklik, Eşitlik
UNCONSTITUTIONALITY OF CONSTITUTIONAL SHARIA AND CADI COURTS IN NIGERIA AND THE GAMBIA: DISCRIMINATORY TOOLS IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION
The dichotomy of justiciability and non-justiciability of Preamble of a Constitution is resolved in Carl Schmitt’s constitutional theory of absolute, relative and positive concepts of Constitution. These concepts established the constitutional theory: constitutional laws are valid first on the basis of the constitution and presuppose a constitution. This research synthesised the theory to realise the twin factors for validity of constitutional laws (constitutional provisions): peoples’ participation and the Preamble – fundamental political decisions of the people. In addition, the juxtaposition of the twin factors vis-à-vis the constitutional provisions of Sharia and Cadi Courts in Nigeria and The Gambia revealed the following findings, that – constitutional provisions of Nigeria Sharia Courts of Appeal lack validity; The Gambia 1996 referendum exercised for Cadi Court establishment was in futility; constitutional provisions on expansion of Cadi Court’s jurisdiction and establishment of Cadi Appeals Panel in 2001 lack validity; Nigeria is a secular state by virtue of her Preamble while The Gambia is a secular state on the basis of the constitutional theory; and, all legal practitioners in Nigeria and The Gambia are not equal before constitutional laws for qualifications for employment as Qadi or Cadi and Grand Qadi in the Sharia and Cadi Courts of both jurisdictions.
Keywords:
Constitution, Constitutional laws, Shari and Cadi Courts, Secularism, Equality,
___
- Abioye FT, ‘Constitution-Making, Legitimacy and Rule of law: A Comparative Analysis’ (2011) 44 The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, 59-79
- Adewale AR, ‘The Political Economic and Social Dynamics of Nigeria: A Synopsis’ (2011) (39) African Institute of South Africa, 1-7
- Agreement Between the Republic of The Gambia and the Republic of Senegal Concerning the Establishment of a Senegambia Confederation (1982) 1261 United Nations Treaty Series
- Ahmed D, Religion – State Relations (International IDEA Constitution-Building Primer 8 2017)
- Alapiki HE, ‘State Creation in Nigeria: Failed Approaches to National Integration and Local Autonomy’ (2005) 48 Cambridge University Press, 49-65
- Arowosegbe JO, ‘Revisiting the Legitimacy Question of the Nigerian 1999Constitution’ (2021) Cambridge University Press, 1-28 Ayua IA and Dakas DCJ, Federal Republic of Nigeria (International Association of Centers for Federal Studies) Azad GM, ‘Qualifications of a Qadi’ (1984) 23 International Islamic University, 249-263
- Black HC, Black’s Law Dictionary (4th edn West Publishing Co 1968)
- Colon-Rios JI, ‘Notes on Democracy and Constitution-Making’ (2011) 9 New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law, 17-42
- Enuka C and Odife I, ‘The Nigerian Civil War as a Domestic Determinant of Nigeria’s Foreign Policy 1967 – 1975’ (2009) 10 Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities, 240-250
- Foisneau L, ‘Governing a Republic: Rousseau’s General Will and the Problem of Government’ (2010) 2 A Journal for the Study of Knowledge, Politics, and the Arts, 93-104
- Hassan-Bello A, ‘Sharia in the Nigeria Constitutions: Examining the Constitutional Conferences and Sharia Debates in the Drafts’ (2019) 29 Al-Ahkam, 1-26
- Hedling N, A Practical Guide to Constitution Building: Principles and Cross-cutting Themes (International IDEA 2011)
- Hughes A and Perfect D, A Political History of The Gambia 1816-1994 (University of Rochester Press 2006)
- Iglesias T, ‘The Dignity of the Individual in the Irish Constitution: The Importance of the Preamble’ (2000) 89 An Irish Quarterly Review, 19-34
- Jammeh OAS, The Constitutional Law of The Gambia: 1965 – 2010 (AuthorHouse Publishing 2011)
- Justice Tobi N, The text of a speech delivered by the Chairman of the CDCC, while presenting the CDCC’s report to the Head of State, General Abdulsalami Abubakar
- Loewenstein K, ‘The Demise of the French Constitution of 1875’ (1940) 34 The American Political Science Review, 867-895
- McLoughlin G and Bouchat CJ, Nigeria Unity: In the Balance (Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press 2013)
- Moustafa T, ‘Islamic Law, Women’s Rights and Popular Legal Consciousness in Malaysia’ (2013) 38 Wiley, 168-188
- Nagle JC, ‘Severability’ (1993) 72 North Carolina Law Review, 203-259
- Oba AA, ‘The Sharia Court of Appeal in Northern Nigeria: The Continuing Crises of Jurisdiction’ (2004) 52 The American Journal of Comparative Law, 859-900
- Ogbu ON, ‘Is Nigeria a Secular State? Law, Human Rights and Religion in Context’ (2014) 1 Transnational Human Rights Review, 1-22
- Okekeocha C, ‘Questioning the Constitutionality of Sharia Law in some Nigerian States’ (2014) 6 African Social Science Review, 15-28
- Omar Bah, ‘CRC Explains Controversial Absence of Secularism in Draft’ The Standard (20 November 2019)
- Omasanjuwa A and Tarro ML, ‘A Week of Mayhem: The July 30 Insurgency in The Gambia’ (2021) Journal of Universal History Studies, 1-29
- Orgad L, ‘The Preamble in Constitutional Interpretation’ (2010) 8 International Journal of Constitutional Law, 714-738
- Osteien P and Dekker A, Sharia and National Law in Nigeria (Leiden University Press 2010)
- Otto JM ed, Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present (Leiden University Press 2010)
- Otto JM, Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries (Leiden University Press 2008)
- Pilkington F, ‘The Problem of Unity in Nigeria’ (1956) 55 Oxford University Press, 219-222
- Saho BSK, ‘Appropriation of Islam in a Gambian Village: Life and Times of Shaykh Mass Kah, 1827 – 1936’ (2011) 12 African Studies Quarterly, 1-21
- Sankulleh Gibril Janko, ‘Draft Constitution Rejected, Over D116m Wasted’ The Point (23 September 2020)
- Schmitt C, Constitutional Theory, (Duke University Press 2008)
- Shapiro M, ‘Islam and Appeal’ (1980) 68 California Law Review, 350-381
- Sowe G and Nabaneh S, The State of Liberal Democracy (I.CONnect and the Clough Center 2018)
- Stacy R, ‘Constituent Power and Carl Schmitt’s Theory of Constitution in Kenya’s Constitution-Making Process’ (2011) 9 International Journal of Constitutional Law, 587-614
- Tangban OE, ‘History and the Quest for Unity in Nigeria’ (2014) 4 International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 378-381
- Twomey A, ‘The Application of Constitutional Preambles and the Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians’ (2013) 62 The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 317-343
- United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, ‘The Religion-State Relationship and the Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Comparative Textual Analysis of the Constitutions of Majority Muslim Countries and Other OIC Members’ (2012) Special Report, 3-155
- Wang S, ‘Emergence of a Dual Constitution in Transitional China’ (2015) 45 Hong Kong Law Journal, 1-32
- ISSN: 2717-9621
- Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
- Başlangıç: 2020
- Yayıncı: Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi