LUTHER’İN DİRENME HAKKI ÜZERİNE DÜŞÜNCELERİNİN ZAMANSALLIĞI

Martin Luther’in direnme hakkı üzerine düşünceleri genellikle 1523 yılında yayımlanan Seküler Otorite Üzerine isimli çalışması ile incelenir. Bu çalışmasında seküler otoritelerin kutsallığını savunur ve sivil yönetimlerin iktidarını kısıtlayan doğa yasası teorilerini reddeder. Luther erken dönem yazılarında Hıristiyanlar için iki görev tanımlar: kurtuluşa ulaşmak için Tanrı’ya şüphe duymadan güvenmek ve kötü olsalar dahi seküler otoriteye itaat etmek. Ona göre yönetimlere güç Tanrı tarafından bahşedilir ve direnme hakkı yalnızca şiddet yoluyla direnecek otoritenin karşısındaki makama denk ya da üstün olmasıyla meşru olabilir. Ancak, 1530’larda Luther, direnme üzerine düşüncelerini radikal bir şekilde değiştirmiştir. 1531 yılında yayımladığı Sevgili Alman Halkına Uyarı çalışmasında tüm Alman prenslerini ve Hıristiyanları İmparator’a itaatsizlik yapmaya davet eder ve argümanlarını imparatorluk hukukundan ve doğa yasalarından örneklerle destekler. Bu değişimin arkasında, Alman siyasetinin ve İmparatorun tehditlerinin Luther’in düşünceleri üzerinde açık etkisi vardır. Luther bu süreçte Reform Kilisesini ve Evanjelik destekçilerini korumaya çalışır. 1530 sonlarında İmparator Protestanlara karşı saldırı planları yaparken Luther, fikirlerini erken dönem çalışmalarına zıt olarak tekrar inşa eder. Bu nedenle, Luther’in politik gelişmelere verdiği reaksiyonlarla şekillenen düşüncelerindeki zamansallık direnme hakkı düşünceleri üzerinden incelenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Luther, Direnme Hakkı, Zamansallık, Reform Siyaseti

TEMPORALITY OF LUTHER'S THOUGHTS ON THE RIGHT TO RESISTANCE

The thoughts of Martin Luther on the right to resistance are usually examined with his work On Temporal Authority, published in 1523, in which Luther defended the sacredness of the secular authorities and rejected the natural law theories that limit the power of civil governments. Luther, in his early writings, identified two duties for Christians: trust God without any doubts to reach justification and obey the secular power even if it is evil. According to him, secular power is given to authorities by God’s will, and the use of force can only be allowable if the resister’s authority is equal or superior then the opponent’s position. However, by the 1530s, Luther changed his mind about the resistance, he invited German princes and all Christians to disobey the emperor and corroborated his arguments with imperial laws in 1531, Warning to His Dear German People. At the end of the decade, he radicalized the ideas on the resistance and even adduced from natural law. Behind this change, German politics and the emperor’s threats were quite effective on Luther’s thoughts. He tried to protect his reformed church and evangelical supporters in this process. After the 1530s, when the emperor planned to attack the Protestants, Luther reconstitutes his ideas that were the exact opposite of his early writings. Therefore, the temporality of Luther’s thoughts that were shaped with reactions of political facts can be examined with his arguments on the right to resistance.

Keywords:

Luther, Right to Resistance, Temporality, Reformation Politics,

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