Bitki Büyüme Düzenleyici Uygulamalarının Golden Delicious Elmasında Acı Benek ve Pas Gelişimi Üzerine Etkileri

Pas ve acı benek oluşumu elmalarda ciddi kalite kaybına ve meyvenin ticari değerinin azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, M9 anacına aşılı Golden Delicious çeşidinde GA4+7, GA3, ProCa ve etefon uygulamalarının pas ve acı benek oluşumu üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, 2010 ile 2012 yılları arasında üç yıl süreyle her yıl aynı uygulamalar yapılmış ve hasattan sonra meyvelerdeki pas ve acı benek oluşumu hem skala değerlerine göre hem de yüzde olarak hesaplanmıştır. GA4+7nin pas oluşumunun kontrolünde çok etkili olduğu, 2010, 2011 ve 2012 yıllarında pas oluşumunun minimum seviyede kaldığı ve skala değerlerinin sırasıyla 1.07, 1.11 ve 1.11 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Hasat zamanındaki paslı meyve oranı GA4+7 uygulamasında % 6.7-11.1 arasında ve kontrolde ise % 44.4-93.3 arasında değişmiştir. Pas oluşumunun azaltılmasında GA3 uygulaması GA4+7ye benzer başarılı sonuçlar sağlamıştır. Bununla birlikte yüksek GA4+7 dozlarının özellikle meyvenin daha az olduğu yıllarda acı benek oluşumunu artırabileceği görülmüştür. ProCa ve etefon uygulamalarının pas ve acı benek üzerine herhangi bir etkisi bulunmamıştır.

Effects of Plant Growth Regulator Treatments on Bitter Pit and Russet Development in Golden Delicious Apple

Development of russet and bitter pit on apple fruits causes serious loss of quality and a decrease of commercial value. In this study, effects of GA4+7, GA3, ProCa and ethephon treatments on russet and bitter pit incidence in Golden Delicious cultivar grafted on M9 rootstock was determined. The same treatments were applied to the same experimental trees between 2010 and 2012. Russet and bitter pit severity in the fruits was evaluated based on the scale values as well as a percentage after harvest. GA4+7 treatment was very effective on controlling russet formation that russeting was very low as 1.07, 1.11 and 1.11 in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. The rate of rusty fruit was between 6.7% and 11.1% in GA4+7, and between 44.4% and 93.3% in the control. GA3 treatment gave successful results in reduction of russet as GA4+7. However, higher doses of GA4+7 may increase the formation of bitter pit especially in the years with low crop load. ProCa and ethephon treatments had no effect on russet and bitter pit development.

PDF

___

Abeles F B, Morgan P W & Saltveit M E (1992). Ethylene in Plant Biology. 2nd Ed. Academic Press, New York, pp. 414
Ashizawa M, Horigome Y & Chujo T (2005). Histological studies on the cause of russet in Golden Delicious apple. Acta Horticulturae 30: 47-52
Atay E, Pırlak L & Atay A N (2010). Determination of fruit growth in some apple varieties. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi Journal of Agricultural Science 16: 1-8
Atay A N, Koyuncu F, Atay E & Koyuncu M A (2012). Hasat öncesi etefon uygulamasının Starking Delicious elmasında renklenme ve meyve kalitesi üzerine etkisi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 49(1): 107- 112
Atay E, Butar S, Gargın S, Atay A N, Altındal M & Yalçın B (2013a). Elmalarda merkezi lider terbiye sisteminde dal katları ve meyve kalitesi arasındaki ilişkiler. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 28(2): 67-70
Atay A N, Koyuncu F & Atay E (2013b). Relative susceptibility of selected apple cultivars to alternate bearing. Journal of Biological & Environmental Sciences 7(20): 81-86
Bangerth F (1976). A role for auxin and auxin transport inhibitors on the Ca content of artificially induced parthenocarpic fruits. Physiologia Plantarum 37: 191-194
Barandoozi F N & Talaie A (2009). The effect of gibberellins on russeting in Golden Delicious apples. Journal of Horticulture and Forestry 1(4): 061-064
Broom F D, Smith G S, Miles D B & Green T G A (1998). Within and between tree variability in fruit characteristics associated with bitter pit incidence of ́Braeburn ́ apple. The Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology 73(4): 555-561
Buban T (2001). Improved fruit shape and less russeting of apples by using gibberellins. Acta Horticulturae 20: 14-17
Cummins, J N, Forsline P L & Way R D (1977). A comparison of russeting among Golden Delicious subclones. HortScience 12(3): 241-242
Eccher T (1978). Russeting of Golden Delicious apples as related to endogenous and exogenous gibberellins. Acta Horticulturae 80: 381-385
Ferguson I B & Triggs C M (1990). Sampling factors affecting the use of mineral analysis of apple fruit for the prediction of bitter pit. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 18: 147-152
Greene D W (1991). Reduced rates and multiple sprays of paclobutrazol control growth and improve fruit quality of Delicious apples. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116: 807-812
Greene D W (1999). Tree growth management and fruit quality of apple trees treated with prohexadione- calcium (Bas125). HortScience 34: 1209-1212
Greene D W (2003). Endogenous hormones and bioregulator use on apples. In: D C Ferree & I J Warrington (Eds), Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Published, Cambridge, USA, pp. 437- 457
Jonkers H (1979). Biennial bearing in apple and pear: A literature survey. Scientia Horticulturae 11: 303-317 Karaçalı İ (2004). Bahçe ürünlerinin muhafaza ve pazarlanması, (4. Baskı), Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 494, İzmir, s. 472
Kirby A H M & Bennett M (1967). Susceptibility of apple and pear varieties to damage by certain organic fungicides. The Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology 42(2): 117-132
Lespinasse J M & Delort J F (1993). Regulation of fruiting in apple: Role of the bourse and crowned bindles. Acta Horticulturae 349: 239-246
Looney N E, Granger R L, Chu C L, McArtney S J, Mander L N & Pharis R P (1992). Influences of gibberellins A4, A4+7, and A4+A7 on apple fruit quality and tree productivity. I. Effects on fruit russet and tree yield components. Journal of Horticultural Science 67(5): 613-618
McArtney S, Obermiller J D & Green A (2007). Prohexadione-Ca reduces russet and does not negate the efficacy of GA4+7sprays for russet control on Golden Delicious apples. HortScience 42(3): 550- 554
Medjdoub R, Val J & Blanco A (2004). Prohexadione- Ca inhibits vegetative growth of Smoothee Golden Delicious apple Trees. Scientia Horticulturae 101(3): 243-253
MGM (2013). Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü Resmi İstatistikler. Eğirdir, Isparta, Türkiye Michailides TJ (1991). Russeting and russet scab of prune, an environmentally induced fruit disorder: Symptomatology, induction, and control. Plant Disease 75: 1114-1123
Miller S S (1998). The influence of prohexadione-ca, an anti-gibberellin, on efficacy of gibberellins used for control of fruit cracking and fruit russet. Proc. 74th Cumberland Shenandoah Fruit Workers Conference, 6
Mitcham EJ (2008). A new approach to understand and control bitter pit in apple. http://jenny.tfrec.wsu.edu/ wtfrc/pdffinalreports/2008finalreports, (Erişim Tarihi: 28.11.2012)
Nakayama I, Kobayashi M, Kamiya Y, Abe H & Sakuri A (1992). Effects of a plant-growth regulator, prohexadione-calcium, on the endogenous levels of gibberellins in rice. Plant Cell Physiolog 33: 59-62
Rademacher W & Kober R (2003). Efficient use of prohexadione-ca in pome fruits. European Journal of Horticultural Science 68(3): 101-107
Rudell D R, Fellman J K & Mattheis J P (2005). Preharvest application of methyl jasmonate to Fuji apples enhances red coloration and affects fruit size, splitting, and bitter pit incidence. HortScience 40: 1760-1762
Saure M C (2001). Blossom-end rot of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)-A calcium orstress-related disorder? Scientia Horticulturae 90: 193-208
Saure M C (2005). Calcium translocation to fleshy fruit: Its mechanism and endogenous control. Scientia Horticulturae 105: 65-89
Schwallier P (2009). Successful use of apogee and retain in apple. www.cherries.msu.edu/pdf/ orchardshow09schwallier.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 10.08.2012)
Sorce C, Lombardi L, Remorini D & Montanaro G (2011). Occurrence of natural auxin and accumulation of calcium during early fruit development in kiwifruit. Australian Journal of Crop Science 5(7): 895-898
Steenkamp J & Westraad I (1988). Effect of gibberellin GA4+7 on stem and calix-end russeting in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples. Scientia Horticulturae 35: 207-215
Taylor B L (1978). Effects of gibberellin sprays on fruit russet and tree performance of Golden Delicious apple. The Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology 53: 167-169
Taylor D R, Knight J N & Spencer J E (1985). Improve fruit quality: growth regulator control of fruit quality. Annual Report for East Mailing Research Station for 1984, pp. 105-106
Vang-Petersen O (1980). Calcium deficiency of ‘Cox’s Orange’ apple trees during the fruit growth period. Scientia Horticulturae 12: 163-168
Wertheim S J (1982). Fruit russeting in apple as affected by various gibberellins. The Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology 57: 283-288
Wertheim S J & Balkhoven-Baart J M T (1996). Evaluation of GA4+7 mixtures for fruit russeting control. Annual Report of Research Station Fruit Growing Wilhelminadorp, pp. 23-24
Wertheim S J & Webster A D (2005). Manipulation of growth and development by plant bioregulators. In: J Tromp, A D Webster & Wertheim S J (Eds): Fundamentals of Temperate Zone Tree Fruit Production. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 267- 294
Whale S, Singh Z, Behboudian H, Janes A & Dhaliwal S (2008). Fruit quality in ‘Crips Pink’ apple, especially colour, as affected by preharvest sprays of aminoethoxyvinylglicine and ethephon. Scientia Horticulturae 115(4): 342-351