Elektromanyetik Radyasyonun (2.45 GHz) Lenfosit DNA Hasarına ve Hematolojik Parametrelere Etkisi: Vitamin C'nin Koruyucu Rolü

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, kanda hematolojik ve biyokimyasal değişikliklere neden olabilen 2.45 GHz elektromanyetik radyasyonun (EMR) etkilerini araştırmaktır. EMR maruziyetinin etkilerine karşı koruyucu özelliği olan Vitamin C'yi (Vit C) tercih ettik. Materyal-Metot: Bu çalışma için 18 dişi Sprague Dawley sıçanı rastgele her birinde altı hayvan bulunan üç gruba ayrıldı: Kontrol, EMR ve EMR+Vit C grupları. Kontrol grubu: gavaj ile 30 gün boyunca 0.1 ml/gün salin; EMR grubu: EMR, 30 gün boyunca 1 saat/gün; EMR+Vit C grubu: EMR, 30 gün boyunca 1 saat/gün C vitamini 250 mg/kg/gün, gavaj ile. Beyaz Kan Hücresi (WBC), Nötrofil, Lenfosit, Monosit, Eozinofil, Bazofil, Kırmızı Kan Hücresi (RBC), Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematokrit (Htc), Ortalama Eritrosit Hacmi (MCV), Kırmızı Hücre Dağılım Genişliği-SD (RDW- SD), Kırmızı Hücre Dağılım Genişliği-CV (RDW-CV), Trombosit (PLT), Ortalama Trombosit Hacmi (MPV), Trombosit Dağılım Genişliği (PDW), Trombosit Krit (PCT) ve Trombosit Büyük Hücre Oranı (P-LCR) sayıları ölçülmüştür. Comet testi ile lenfosit DNA hasarı değerlendirildi, ayrıca malondialdehit (MDA) seviyesi ve katalaz (CAT) aktivitesi değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Comet analiz skoru ve P-LCR sayıları EMR grubunda Kontrol grubuna göre arttı (p<0,05). C vitamini tedavisi sonrası comet analiz skorunda ve P-LCR sayılarında EMR grubuna göre azalma gözlemledik (p<0,05). Sonuç: Sonuçlar, bir cep telefonu tarafından üretilen frekansta EMR'nin lenfosit DNA kırılmasına neden olduğunu ve P-LCR seviyesini artırdığını göstermektedir. C vitamini, EMF maruziyetinin neden olduğu lenfosit DNA hasarını ve P-LCR seviyesini azaltıyor gibi görünmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Comet Analizi, DNA hasarı, Elektromanyetik radyasyon, oksidatif stres, C vitamini.

Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation (2.45 GHz) on Lymphocyte DNA Damage and Hematological Parameters: The Protective Role of Vitamin C

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation (EMR), which may cause hematological and biochemical changes in blood. We preferred Vitamin C (Vit C) for its protective properties effects against the effects of EMR exposure. Material and Method: For this study, 18 female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups with six animals in each: Sham, EMR and EMR+Vit C groups. Sham group: 0.1ml/day saline for 30 days, by oral gavage; EMR group: EMR, 1h/day for 30 days; EMR+Vit C group: EMR, 1h/day for 30 days+Vit C 250 mg/kg/daily, by oral gavage. White Blood Cell (WBC), Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil, Red Blood Cell (RBC), Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Htc), Mean Erythrocyte Volume (MCV), Red Cell Distribution Width-SD (RDW-SD), Red Cell Distribution Width-CV (RDW-CV), Thrombocyte (PLT), Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), Platelet Distribution Width (PDW), Platelet Crit (PCT) and Platelet Large Cell Ratio (P-LCR) counts were measured. Lymphocyte DNA damage was assessed by comet assay, additionally, malondialdehyde (MDA) level and catalase (CAT) activity were evaluated. Results: Comet analysis score and P-LCR counts were increased in EMR group compared to Sham group (p<0.05). We observed a decrease in comet analysis score and P-LCR counts after Vit C treatment compared to the finding in EMR group (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results suggest that EMR at the frequency generated by a cell phone causes lymphocyte DNA break and increases P-LCR level. Vit C seems to reduce lymphocyte DNA damage and P-LCR level caused by EMF exposure.

Keywords:

Comet assay, DNA damage, electromagnetic radiation, oxidative stress, Vitamin C,

PDF

___

[1] Koyu, A., Nazıroglu, M., Ozguner, F., Yilmaz, H. R., Uz, E., Cesur, G. 2005. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester modulates 1800 MHz microwave-ınduced oxidative stress in rat liver. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 24: 1351-142.
[2] Maoquan, L. I., Yanyan, W., Yanwen, Z., Zhou, Z., Zhengping, Y. U. 2008. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. Journal of Radiation Research, 49: 163–170.
[3] Saygin, M., Asci, H., Ozmen, O., Cankara, F. N., Dincoglu, D., Ilhan, I. 2015. Impact of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the testicular inflammatory pathway biomarkers in young rats: the role of gallic acid. Environmental Toxicology, 31: 1771–1784.
[4] Crouzier, D., Testylier, G., Perrin, A., Debouzy, J. C. 2007. Which neurophysiologic effects at low level 2.45 GHz RF exposure? Pathologie-biologie, 55: 235–41.
[5] Shahin, S., Singh, V. P., Shukla, R. K., Dhawan, A., Gangwar, R. K., Singh, S. P., Chaturvedi, C. M. 2013. 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation-induced oxidative stress affects implantation or pregnancy in Mice, Mus musculus. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 169: 1727–1751.
[6] Hossmann, K. A., Hermann, D. M. 2003. Effects of electromagnetic radiation of mobile phones on the central nervous system. Bioelectromagnetics, 24: 49–62.
[7] Khaki, A. A., Khaki, A., Ahmadi, S. S. 2016. The effect of non-ionizing electromagnetic field with a frequency of 50 Hz in rat ovary: a transmission electron microscopy study. International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine, 14: 125–132.
[8] Asghari, A., Khaki, A. A., Rajabzadeh, A., Khaki, A. 2016. A review on electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and the reproductive system. Electronic Physician, 8: 2655–2662.
[9] Shokri, S., Soltani, A., Kazemi, M., Sardari, M., Mofrad, F. B. 2015. Effects of Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz) exposure on apoptosis, sperm parameters and testicular histomorphometry in rats: a time course study. Cell Journal, 17: 322–331.
[10] Yokus, B., Cakir, D. U., Akdag, M. Z., Sert, C., Mete, N. 2005. Oxidative DNA damage in rats exposed to extremely low frequency electro magnetic fields. Free Radical Research, 39: 317-323.
[11] Devrim, E., Erguder, İ. B., Kilicoglu, B., Yaykaslı, E., Cetin, R., Durak, I. 2008. Effects of electromagnetic radiation use on oxidant/antioxidant status and DNA turn-over enzyme activities in erythrocytes and heart, kidney, liver, and ovary tissues from rats: possible protective role of vitamin C. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods,18: 679–683.
[12] Shah, A. M., Channon, K. M. 2004. Free radicals and redox signalling in cardiovascular disease. Heart, 90: 486–487.
[13] Saygin, M., Calıskan, S., Karahan, N., Koyu, A., Gumral, N., Uguz, A. C. 2001. Testicular apoptosis and histopathological changes induced by a 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 27: 455–463.
[14] Carroll, R. C., Zukin, R. S. 2002. NMDA-receptor trafficking and targetting: İmplications for synaptic transmission and plasticity. Trends in Neuroscience, 25: 571-577.
[15] Phillips, J. L., Singh, N. P., Lai, H. 2009. Electromagnetic fields and DNA damage. Pathophysiology, 16: 79-88.
[16] Oral, B., Guney, M., Ozguner, F., Karahan, N., Mungan, T., Comlekci, S., Cesur, G. 2006. Endometrial apoptosis induced by a 900-MHz mobile phone: preventive effects of vitamins E and C. Advances in Therapy, 23: 957–973.
[17] Carr, A. C., Frei, B. 1999. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69: 1086–1107.
[18] Du, J., Cullen, J. J., Buettner, G. R. 2012. Ascorbic acid: chemistry, biology and the treatment of cancer. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta- Reviews on Cancer, 1826: 443–457. [19] Covarrubias-Pinto, A., Acun˜a, A. I., Beltra´n, F. A., Díaz, L. T., Castro, M. A. 2015. Old things new view: ascorbic acid protects the brain in neurodegenerative disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16: 28194–28217.
[20] Faraone, A., Luengas, W., Chebrolu, S., Ballen, M., Bit-Babik, G., Gessner, A. V., Kanda, M. Y., Babij, T., Swicord, M. L., Chou, C. K. 2006. Radiofrequency dosimetry for the Ferris-wheel mouse exposure system. Radiation Research, 165: 105–112.
[21] Aebi, H. 1984. Catalase in Vitro. Methods Enzymology,105, 121-126.
[22] Collins, A. R. 2014. Measuring oxidative damage to DNA and its repair with the comet assay. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta- Reviews on Cancer,1840: 794–800.
[23] Bausinger, J., Speit, G. 2016. The impact of lymphocyte isolation on induced DNA damage in human blood samples measured by the comet assay. Mutagenesis, 31: 567–572.
[24] Moustafa, Y. M., Moustafa, R. M., Belacy, A., Abou-El-Ela, S. H., Ali, F. M. 2001. Effects of acute exposure to the radiofrequency fields of cellular phones on plasma lipid peroxide and antioxidase activities in human erythrocytes. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 26: 605-608.
[25] Gumral, N., Naziroglu, M., Koyu, A., Ongel, K., Celik, O., Saygin, M., Flores-Arce, M. F. 2009. Effects of selenium and L-carnitine on oxidative stress in blood of rat induced by 2.45-GHz radiation from wireless devices. Biological trace element research, 132: 153-163.
[26] Aydin, B., Akar, A. 2011. Effects of a 900-MHz electromagnetic field on oxidative stress parameters in rat lymphoid organs, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and plasma. Archives of medical research, 42.4:261-267.
[27] Ivancsits, S., Diem, E., Jahn, O., Rüdiger, H. W. 2003. Intermittent extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields cause DNA damage in a dose-dependent way. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 76: 431-436.
[28] Waldmann, P., Bohnenberger, S., Greinert, R., Hermann-Then, B., Heselich, A., Klug, S. J., Blettner, M. 2013. Influence of GSM signals on human peripheral lymphocytes: study of genotoxicity. Radiation research, 179: 243-253.
[29] Halazonetis, T. D., Gorgoulis, V. G., Bartek, J. 2008. An oncogene-induced DNA damage model for cancer development. Science, 319: 1352-1355.
[30] Franzellitti, S., Valbonesi, P., Ciancaglini, N., Biondi, C., Contin, A., Bersani, F., Fabbri, E. 2010. Transient DNA damage induced by high-frequency electromagnetic fields (GSM 1.8 GHz) in the human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cell line evaluated with the alkaline comet assay. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 683: 35-42.
[31] Cho, S., Lee, Y., Lee, S., Choi, Y. J., Chung, H. W. 2014. Enhanced cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of gadolinium following ELF-EMF irradiation in human lymphocytes. Drug and chemical toxicology, 37: 440-447. [32] Xu, S., Chen, G., Chen, C., Sun, C., Zhang, D., Murbach, M., Xu, Z. 2013. Cell type-dependent induction of DNA damage by 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields does not result in significant cellular dysfunctions. PLoS One, 8: 54906.
[33] Aziz, I. A., El-Khozondar, H. J., Shabat, M., Elwasife, M., Mohamed-Osman, A. 2010. Effect of electromagnetic field on body weight and blood indices in albino rats and the therapeutic action of vitamin C or E. Romanian Journal of Biophysics, 20: 235-244.
[34] Repacholı, M. H., Basten, A., Gebskı, V., Noonan, D., Fınnıe, J., Harrıs, A. W. 1997. Lymphomas in Eµ-Pim1 transgenic mice exposed to pulsed 900 MHz electromagnetic fields, Radiation Research, 147: 631–640.