Effect of some essential oils on the growth of Scenedesmus subspicatus

Due to the essential oils known as having great antimicrobial activities, they have been heavily used by several industries such as medical, cosmetics, food and agriculture since long past of human history. The essential oils are the secondary metabolite of aromatic plants and about 1/10th of known 3000 essential oils are widely used. They reached to the environment after used in any product and behave as xenobiotics especially in aquatic environment. Although, essential oils are natural plant extracts could be potential candidates for pest control or used any other purposes possible environmental impact needs to be investigation. In order to investigate the environmental impact of some essential oils such as rosemary oil, tea tree oil, wheat germ oil, grape seed oil, thyme oil and eucalyptus oil, Scenedesmus subspicatus were selected for testing as one of the primary producer species since they are the first trophic level of food chain. This test is approved as OECD 201 Algal Growth Inhibition test. As the result of this investigation, algal growth inhibition assays of tested oils did not show severe effects on the population growth of algae. The estimated EC50 values were 15.6, 35.09, 65.03, 100.17, 201.02, 414.47 mg/L for rosemary oil, wheat germ oil, tea tree oil, thyme oil, eucalyptus oil and grape seed oil respectively.

Bazı uçucu yağların Scenedesmus subspicatus büyümesi üzerine etkileri

Güçlü antimikrobiyal etkisi bilinen uçucu yağlar; tıp, kozmetik, gıda ve tarım gibi birçok alanda uzun yıllardan beri yoğun bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Aromatik bitkilerin ikincil metabolitleri olan uçucu yağların 3000 çeşidinden 1/10’ u yaygın kullanıma sahiptir. İçeriğinde bulunan maddelerin kullanımı ile çevreye salınmakta ve özellikle sucul ortamlarda ksenobiyotik gibi davranmaktadır. Uçucu yağlar bitkilerden elde edilen doğal maddeler olarak zararlı mücadelesinde kullanılsalar da olası çevresel etkilerinin araştırılması gerekmektedir. Uçucu yağlardan; biberiye yağı, çay ağacı yağı, buğday yağı, üzüm çekirdeği yağı, kekik yağı ve okaliptus yağının çevresel etkilerinin belirlenmesi için besin zincirinin ilk basamağındaki üreticilerden olan Scenedesmus subspicatus kullanılarak OECD 201 Algal Büyüme İnhibisyon testi olarak bilinen testler uygulanmıştır. Denemelerin sonunda test edilen uçucu yağların alg popülasyonunun büyümesi üzerinde ağır olumsuz etkilerinin olmadığı görülmüştür. Biberiye yağı, Çay ağacı yağı, buğday yağı, üzüm çekirdeği yağı, kekik yağı ve okaliptus yağının EC50 değerleri sırasıyla; 15,6, 35,09, 65,03, 100,17, 201,02, 414,47 mg/L olarak hesaplanmıştır.

PDF

___

McCage, C.M., Ward, S.M., Paling, C.A., Fisher, D.A., Flynn, P.J. & McLaughlin, J. L. (2002). Development of a paw paw herbal shampoo for the removal of head lice. Phytomedicine, 9(8), 743-748. DOI: 10.1078/094471102321621377

OECD (2011), Test No. 201: Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test, OECD Publishing, Paris.DOI: 10.1787/9789264069923-en

Parlak, H., Arslan, O.C., Boyacioglu, M. & Karaaslan, M.A. (2009). Ekotoksikoloji. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları, (79), 9-14.

Minaiyan, M., Ghannadi, A. R., Afsharipour, M. & Mahzouni, P. (2011). Effects of extract and essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on TNBS-induced colitis in rats. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(1), 13-21.

Pavela, R. (2015). Essential oils for the development of eco-friendly mosquito larvicides: a review. Industrial Crops and Products, 76: 174-187. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.06.050

Rodrigues, K.A.D.F., Dias, C.N., do Amaral, F.M.M., Moraes, D. F., Mouchrek Filho, V. E., Andrade, E. H. A. & Maia, J. G. S. (2013). Molluscicidal and larvicidal activities and essential oil composition of Cymbopogon winterianus. Pharmaceutical biology, 51(10), 1293-1297. DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.789536

Laborda, R., Manzano, I., Gamón, M., Gavidia, I., Pérez-Bermúdez, P., & Boluda, R. (2013). Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia officinalis essential oils on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Industrial Crops and Products,48, 106-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.04.011

Conti, B., Flamini, G., Cioni, P.L., Ceccarini, L., Macchia, M., & Benelli, G. (2014). Mosquitocidal essential oils: are they safe against non-target aquatic organisms? Parasitology research,113(1), 251-259. DOI:.1007/s00436-013-3651-5

Hammer, K.A., Carson, C.F., Riley, T.V., & Nielsen, J B. (2006). A review of the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. Food and chemical toxicology,44(5), 616-625. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.09.001

Govindarajan, M. & Benelli, G. (2016). α-Humulene and β-elemene from Syzygium zeylanicum (Myrtaceae) essential oil: highly effective and ecofriendly larvicides against Anopheles subpictus, Aedes albopictus, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitology research,115(7), 2771-2778. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5025-2

Bernhoft, A. (2010). A brief review on bioactive compounds in plants. Bioactive compounds in plants-benefits and risks for man and animals: 11-17.

Boyacıoğlu, M., Arslan, Ö.Ç., Parlak, H. & Karaaslan, M. A. (2007). Mutagenicity of nonylphenol and octylphenol using Salmonella Mutation assay. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 24(3-4), 299-302.

Ferreira, R.C.F. & Graça, M.A.S. (2002). A comparative study of the sensitivity of selected aquatic plants to mining effluents. Limnetica, 21(1-2), 129-134.

Geetha, R. V. & Roy, A. (2014). Essential Oil Repellents- A Short Review. International Journal of Drug Development and Research,6(2), 20 – 27.

Gunduz, G., Parlak, H., Arslan, Ö.Ç., Boyacioglu, M. & Karaaslan, M. A. (2013). Embryotoxic effects of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Compounds in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 22(1A), 171-177.

Anonymous, (2017b). http://www.esperis.it/uploads/tx_esperisproduct/ oles14.pdf

Anonymous (2016). Guidelines on the Environmental Assessment of Natural Complex Substances (NCS). EFEO/IFRA. Version 01. 2016.

Anonymous (2017a). http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/ elist/eListRead/the_ environmental_impcct_of_essential_oils/

Arslan, O.C. & Parlak, H. (2007). Embryotoxic effects of nonylphenol and octylphenol in sea urchin Arbacia lixula. Ecotoxicology,16(6), 439-444.DOI: 10.1007/s10646-007-0147-z

Arslan, Ö.Ç., Parlak, H., Boyacıoğlu, M. & Karaaslan, M. A. (2015). Acute toxicity of several esential oils on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1816). Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 31(3), 137-143. DOI: 10.12714/egejfas.2014.31.3.04

Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D. & Idaomar, M. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils–a review. Food and chemical toxicology,46(2), 446-475. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106