A. Erdem DÖNMEZ

Balıklarda melanomakrofaj merkezleri

Balıklarda doğal bağışıklık sistemi; fiziksel, hücresel ve humoral faktörler ile plazma ve diğer vücut sıvılarında çözünebilen hücresel ve humoral reseptör moleküllerinden oluşmaktadır. Hücresel faktörler fagositik hücreler olan monosit/makrofajlar, nötrofil granülositler ve memelilerdeki NK (natural killer cell) hücrelerine eşdeğer görülen sitotoksik hücreleri içermektedir. Bu hücreler arasında yer alan makrofajlar, balıklarda ve diğer omurgalılarda doğal bağışıklığın indikatör hücreleri olup fagositoz yeteneğine de sahip olduklarından, yangı sonrası onarım, doku yenilenmesi ve yaşlı hücrelerin ortadan kaldırılması gibi işlevlere sahiptirler. Melanomakrofaj merkezleri ise pigmentli olmaları nedeniyle histolojik incelemelerde makrofajlardan ayırt edilebilmekte ve aynı zamanda poikiloterm omurgalıların pek çok organında yaygın olarak gözlemlenebilmektedirler. Bu merkezler; makrofaj yığınları, makrofaj birikim odakları ve pigment nodülleri gibi isimlerle tanımlanmış olup heteroterm omurgalıların dokularındaki özgün hücreler olarak kabul edilmektedirler. Bu derlemede söz konusu yapıların balıklarda ait oldukları sistem, ilişkide oldukları hücre ve birimler ile işlevleri hakkında bilgi verilmeye çalışılmıştır

Melanomacrophage centers in fishes

Innate immune system in fish consist of physical, cellular and humoral factors along with other cellular and humoral receptor molecules that can be dissolved in plasma and other body fluids. Cellular factors include cytotoxic cells that appear to be equivalent to natural killer cells in mammals, neutrophyl granulocytes and monocyte/macrophages as phagocytic cell. Macrophages which belong to above mentioned cells are indicator cells of innate immunity in fish and other vertebrates having phagocytic ability. Through which they posses functions like repairement after inflammation, tissue regeneration and elimination of old cells. Since melanomacrophage centers are pigmented, they can be easily identified from macrophages in histological examinations and they can also be widely observed in many organs in poikilothermic vertebrates. These centers are named as macrophage stocks, macrophage accumulation centres or pigmented nodules and considered as spesific cells in tissue of heterothermic vertebrates. In this rewiev, the system that these structures are belong to in fish and the cells and their units through which they communicate and functions are discussed

PDF

___

Abdel Aziz, E.H., Abdu, S.B.S., Ali, T.E. & Fouad, H.F. (2010). Haemopoiesis in the head kidney of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Teleostei: Cichlidae): a morphological (optical and ultrastructural) study. Fish Physiology and Biochemstry, 36: 323-336. doi: 10.1007/s10695-008-9297-z.
Agius, C. (1979). The role of melano-macrophage centres in iron storage in normal and diseased fish. Journal of Fish Diseases, 2: 337-343. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.1979.tb00175.x.
Agius, C. & Roberts, R.J. (2003). Melano-macrophage centres and their role in fish pathology. Journal of Fish Diseases, 26: 499-509. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00485.x.
Ali, A.O., Hohn, C., Allen, P.J., Ford, L., Dail, M.B., Pruett, S. & Petrie-Hanson, L. (2014). The effects of oil exposure on peripheral blood leukocytes and splenic melano-macrophage centers of Gulf of Mexico fishes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 79: 87-93. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.036.
Anderson, D.P. (1990). Immunological indicators: effects of environmental stress on immune protection and disease outbreaks. American Fisheries Society Symposium Series, 8: 38-50.
Balamurugan, S., Deivasigamani, B., Kumaran, S., Sakthivel, M., Rajsekar, M. & Priyadharsini, P. (2012). Melanomacrophage centers aggregation in P. lineatus spleen as bio-indicator of environmental change. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2(2): 635-638. doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(12)60235-7.
Bayne, C.J. & Gerwick, L. (2001). The acute phase response and innate immunity of fish. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 25(8-9): 725-743. doi:10.1016/S0145-305X(01)00033-7.
Bowden, T.J. (2008). Modulation of the immune system of fish by their environment. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 25: 373-383. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2008.03.017.
Bozkurt, M. & Eren, Ü. (2009). Lymphoid organs of fishes (in Turkish with English abstract). Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi, 80(2): 13-18.
Camargo, M.M.P. & Martinez, C.B.R. (2007). Histopathology of gills, kidney and liver of a Neotropical fish caged in an urban stream. Neotropical Ichthyology, 5(3): 327-336. doi: 10.1590/S1679-62252007000300013.
Clemente, Z., Busato, R.H., Oliveira Ribeiro, C.A., Cestari, M.M., Ramsdorf, W.A., Magalha, V.G., Wosiack, A.C. & Silva de Assis, H.C. (2010). Analyses of paralytic shellfish toxins and biomarkers in a southern Brazilian reservoir. Toxicon, 55, 396-406. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.09.003
Culling, C.F.A. (1974). Handbook of Histopathological and Histochemical Techniques. Michigan: Butterworth-Heinemann. Dabrowska, H., Ostaszewska, T., Kamaszewski, M., Antoniak, A., NaporaRutkowski,
L., Kopko, O., Lang, T., Fricke, N.F. & Lehtonen, K.K. (2012). Histopathological, histomorphometrical and immunohistochemical biomarkers in flounder (Platichthys flesus) from the southern Baltic Sea. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 78, 14-21. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.10.025.
Dönmez, A.E. & Korkmaz, C. (2012). Liver histopathology of thinlip mullet (Liza ramada) captured from Karaduvar harbor (Mersin, TURKEY) (in Turkish with English abstract). In Y. Vardar (Ed.), 21. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi 2012 (s. 1011-1012). İzmir, Türkiye: Bildiri Kitabı.
Ekele, I. & Callistus, N.U. (2014). The kidney micromorphology of the farmed juvenile african catfish (Clarias gariepinus B.) from Eastern Nigeria. Global Journal of Medicine Researches and Studies, 1(4): 97-102. Ellis, A.E. (1999). Immunity to bacteria in fish. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 9: 291-308. doi: 10.1006/fsim.1998.0192.
chanisms of fish against viruses and bacteria. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 25(8-9): 827-39. doi: 10.1016/S0145-305X(01)00038-6.
Faccioli, C.K., Chedid, R.A., Bombonato, M.T.S., Vicentini, C.A. & Vicentin, I.B.F. (2014). Morphology and histochemistry of the liver of Carnivorous fish Hemisorubim platyrhynchos. International Journal of Morphology, 32(2): 715-720. Doi: 10.4067/S0717-95022014000200055.
Facey, D.E., Blazer, V.S., Gasper, M.M. & Turcotte, C.L. (2005). Using fish biomarkers to monitor improvements in environmental quality. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 17: 263-266. doi: 10.1577/H04-055.1.
Ferreira, C.M.H. (2011). Can fish liver melanomacrophages be modulated by xenoestrogenic and xenoandrogenic pollutants? Experimental studies on the influences of temperature, sex, and ethynylestradiol, using the platyfish as the model organism. Master of Science Thesis, Universidade de Porto, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, 53 p.
Forlenza, M., Fink, I.R., Raes, G. & Wiegertjes, G.F. (2011). Heterogeneity of macrophage activation in fish. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 35: 1246-1255. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.008.
Fournie, J.W., Summers, J.K., Courtney, L.A., Engle, V.D. & Blazer, V.S. (2001). Utility of splenic macrophage aggregates as an indicator of fish exposure to degraded environments. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 13: 105-116. doi: 10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0105:uosmaa>2.0.co;2.
Ghosh, R. & Homechaudhuri, S. (2012). Transmission electron microscopic study of renal haemopoietic tissues of Channa punctatus (Bloch) experimentally infected with two species of aeromonads. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 36(6): 767-774. doi:10.3906/zoo-1112-7.
Gregori, M., Miragliotta, V., Leotta, R., Cecchini, S., Prearo, M. & Abramo, F. (2014). Morphometric evaluation of interrenal gland and kidney macrophages aggregates in normal healthy rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and after bacterial challenge with Yersinia ruckeri. Veterinary Medicine International, 210625: 7. Doi: 10.1155/2014/210625.
Grune, T., Shringarpure, R., Sitte, N. & Davies, K. (2001). Age-related changes in protein oxidation and proteolysis in mammalian cells. Journals of Gerontology Biological Sciences, 56 (11): 459-67.
Haaparanta, A., Valtonen, E.T., Hoffmann, R. & Holmes, J. (1996). Do macrophage centres in freshwater fishes reflect the differences in water quality? Aquatic Toxicology, 34: 253-272. doi: 10.1016/0166-445X(95)00042-3.
Harper, C. & Wolf, J.C. (2009). Morphologic Effects of the Stress Response in Fish. Ilar Journal, 50(4): 387-396 Herraez, M.P. & Zapata, A.G. (1986). Structure and function of the melanomacrophage
centres of the goldfish Carassius auratus. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 12(1-4): 117-26.
Hodgkinson, J.W., Grayfer, L. & Belosevic, M. (2015). Biology of Bony Fish Macrophages. Biology, 4: 881-906. doi:10.3390/biology4040881
Hur, J.W., Woo, S.R., Jo, J.H & Park, I.S. (2006). Effects of starvation on kidney melano-macrophage centre in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck and Schlegel). Aquaculture Research, 37: 821-825.
Jansson, E. (2002). Bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fish. Doctoral thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, 52 p.
Joerink, M., Ribeiro, C.M.S., Stet, R.J.M., Hermsen, T., Savelkoul, H.F. J., Wiegertjes & G.F. (2006). Head kidney-derived macrophages of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) show plasticity and functional polarization upon differential stimulation. Journal of Immunology, 177: 61-69. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.61.
Katzenback, B.A., Katakura, F. & Belosevic, M. (2012). Regulation of teleost macrophage and neutrophil cell development by growth factors and transcription factors. In : New Advances and Contributions to Fish Biology, H.Türker (Ed.), InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 97-149.
Kav, K. & Erganis, O. (2008). Immune system of fishes (in Turkish with English abstract). Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(1): 97-106. Khalil, R.H., El-Hofy, H.R. & Mahfouz, N.B. (2011). Contribution to Vibriosis in Cultured Eels (Anguilla anguilla). Journal of American Science, 7(12): 101- 110.
Kim, R. & Faisal, M. (2011). Emergence and resurgence of the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (Novirhabdovirus, Rhabdoviridae, Mononegavirales). Journal of Advanced Research, 2(1): 9-23. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2010.05.007.
Kranz, H. (1989). Changes in splenic melano-macrophage centres of dab Limanda limanda during and after infection with ulcer disease. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 6: 167-173.
Kurtovic, B., Teskeredzic, E. & Teskeredzic, Z. (2008). Histological comparison of spleen and kidney tissue from farmed and wild European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Acta Adriatica, 49(2): 147-154.
Lamers, C.H.J. & De Haas, M.J.H. (1985). Antigen localization in the lymphoid organs of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Cell and Tissue Research. 242: 491-498.
Ledic-Neto, J., Dotta, G., Garcia, P., Brum, A., Gonçalves T.E.L & Martins, M.L. (2014). Haematology and melanomacrophage centers of Nile tilapia fed supplemented diet with propolis. Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences, 36(3): 263-269. doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v36i3.22024.
Leknes, I.L. (2007). Melano-macrophage centres and endocytic cells in kidney and spleen of pearl gouramy and platyfish (Anabantidae, Poeciliidae: Teleostei), Acta Histochemica, 109: 164-168. doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2006.10.003.
Liebe, S., Tomotake, M.E.M. & Ribeiro, C.A.O. (2013). Fish histopathology as biomarker to evaluate water quality. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Contamination, 8(2), 09-15.
Lin, H.T., Lin, H.Y. & Yang, H.L. (2005). Histology and histochemical enzymestaining patternsof major immune organs in Epinephelus malabaricus. Journal of Fish Biology, 66: 729–740. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00635.x.
Magnadottir, B. (2006). Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 20: 137-151.
Manrique, W.G., Sa Silva Claudiano, G., Petrillo, T.R., Pardi de Castro, M., Pereira Figueiredo, M.A., De Andrade Belo, M. A., Engracia De Moraes, J.R. & Ruas De Moraes F. (2014). Response of splenic melanomacrophage centers of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) to inflammatory stimuli by BCG and foreign bodies. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 30(5): 1-6. doi: 10.1111/jai.12445.
Marcogliese, D.J. (2005). Parasites of the superorganism: Are they indicators of ecosystem health? International Journal for Parasitology, 35: 705–716.
Mulero, I., Sepulcre, M.P., Roca, F.J., Meseguer, J., Garcia-Ayala, A. & Mulero, V. (2008). Characterization of macrophages from the bony fish gilthead seabream using an antibody against the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 32: 1151- 1159. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2008.03.005.
Ocak, F. (2006). Lenfoid organs and the properties of immune system in fish (in Turkish with English abstract). Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1): 61-66.
Osman, A.G.M., Abd El Reheem, A.M., AbuelFadl, K.Y. & GadEl- Rab, A.G. (2010). Enzymatic and histopathologic biomarkers as indicators of aquatic pollution in fishes. Natural Science, 2(11): 1302-1311.
Passantino, L., Santamaria, N., Zupa, R., Pousis, C., Garofalo, R., Cianciotta, A., Jirillo, E., Acone, E. & Corriero, A. (2014). Liver melanomacrophage centres as indicators of Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus L. wellbeing. Journal of Fish Diseases, 37: 241-250. doi:10.1111/jfd.12102.
Rabitto, I.S., Alves Costa, J.R.M., Silva de Assis, H.C., Pelletier, E., Akaishi, F.M., Anjos, A., Randi, M.A.F. & Oliveira Ribeiro, C.A. (2005). Effects of dietary Pb(II) and tributyltin on neotropical fish, Hoplias malabaricus: histopathological and biochemical finding. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 60: 147-15. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.03.002.
Ribeiro, H. J., Procópio, M.S., Gomes, J.M.M., Vieira, F.O., Russo, R.C., Balzuweit, K., Chiarini-Garcia, H., Castro, A.C.S., Rizzo, E. & Corrêa Jr, J.D. (2011). Functional dissimilarity of melanomacrophage centres in the liver and spleen from females of the teleost fish Prochilodus argenteus.
Cell Tissue Research, 346: 417-425. doi:10.1007/s00441-011-1286-3. Rodrigues, A.P.O., Pauletti, P., Kindlein, L., Delgado, E.F., Cyrino, J.E.P. & Machado-Neto, R. (2010). Intestinal histomorphology in Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum fed bovine colostrum as source of protein and bioactive peptides. Scienta Agricola, 67(5): 524-530. doi: 10.1590/S0103-90162010000500005.
Sakthivel, M., Deivasigamani, B., Kumaran, S., Bal, S., Bamurugan, S. & Rajasekar, T. (2012). Seasonal variation in immune organs and immune response of catfish Arius maculatus in Parangipettai coastal area. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 4(7): 3342-3348.
Satizabal, L.D. (2013). Melano-macrophage characterization and their possible role in the goldfish (Carassius auratus) antibody affinity maturation. Master of Science Thesis, Uni ersity of Alberta Department of Biological Science, Canada, 121 p.
Satizabal, L.D. & Magor, B.G. (2015). Isolation and cytochemical characterization of melanomacrophages and melanomacrophage clusters from goldfish (Carassius auratus, L.). Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 48: 221-228. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.10.003 0145-305X.
Schwindt, A.R., Truelove, N., Schreck, C.B., Fournie, J.W., Landers, D.H. & Kent, M.L. (2006). Quantitative evaluation of macrophage aggregates in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 68: 101-113.
Solano, F. (2014). Melanins: Skin Pigments and Much More-Types, Structural Models, Biological Functions, and Formation Routes. New Journal of Science, 498276: 28. doi: 10.1155/2014/498276
Stentiford, G.D., Longshaw, M., Plyons, B., Jones, G., Green, M. & Feist, S.W. (2003). Histopathological biomarkers in estuarine fish species for the assessment of biological effects of contaminants. Marine Environmental Research, 55: 137-159. doi: 10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00212-X.
Sures, B. (2008). Environmental parasitology interactions between parasites and pollutants in the aquatic environment. Parasite, 15: 434-438. Suresh, N. (2009). Effect of cadmium chloride on liver, spleen and kidney melanomacrophage centres in Tilapia mos sambica. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30 (4): 505-508.
Timur, G., Yardımcı, R.E., Ürkü, Ç. & Çanak, Ö. (2011). Diagnosis of lactococcosis by bacteriological and histopathological methods in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, L.) at the Marmara region (in Turkish with English abstract). İstanbul Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 26: 63-81.
Uribe, C., Folch, H., Enriquez, R & Moran, G. (2011). Innate and adaptive immunity in teleost fish: a review. Veterinarni Medicina, 56 (10): 486–503. Van der Oost, R., Beyer, J. & Vermeulen, N.P.E. (2003). Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 13: 57-/149. doi: 10.1016/S1382-6689(02)00126-6.
Velkova-Jordanoska, L., Kostoski, G. & Jordanoska, B. (2008). Antioxidative enzymes in fish as biochemical indicators of aquatic pollution. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 14(2): 235-237.
Verburg-Van Kemenade, L.B.M., Groeneveld, A., Van Rens, B.T.T.M. & Rombout, J. H. W.M. (1994). Characterization of macrophages and neutrophilic granulocytes from the pronephros of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Experimental Biology., 187: 143-158.
Whyte, S.K. (2007). The innate immune response of finfish – A review of current knowledge. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 23(6): 1127–1151.
Wolke, R.E., Murchelano, R.A., Dickstein, C.D. & George, C.J. (1985). Preliminary evaluation of the use of macrophage aggregates (MA) as fish health monitors. Bulletin of Environmental and Contamination and Toxicology, 35: 222-227. doi:10.1007/BF01636502.
Yin, D. (1996). Biochemical basis of lipofuscin, ceroid, and age pigment-like fluorophores. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 21(6): 871-888. Zapata, A., Diez, B., Cejalvo, T., Gutierrez-de Frias, C. & Corte, A. (2006). Ontogeny of the immune system of fish. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 20:126-136.