Photolytic degradation of dissolved compounds of 16 EPA-Listed PAHs in aqueous medium, exposed to ultraviolet/ titanium dioxide (UV-C/TiO2), xenon light/ titanium dioxide (Xe/TiO2), xenon light/ hydrogen peroxide (Xe/H2O2) and ultraviolet/ hydrogen peroxide (UV-C/H2O2) was studied. The compounds which detected above detection limit of applied analytical method and instrument include: naphthalene (Nap), acenaphthylene (Acy), acenaphthene (Ace), fluorene (Flu), fluoranthene (Fln) and pyrene (Pyr) survived. A time-course experiment (0, 1, 2, 5, 12 min) was performed to determine the fate of PAHs profile along treatments. After accomplishment of the removal process ∑6 PAHs ranked as follow: UV-C/TiO2 > Xe/TiO2 > UV-C > Xe > Xe/H2O2, and UV-C /H2O2 with estimated values of 76.38, 23.02, 22.55, 2.78, 0.00 and 0.00% of the concentration values at the beginning of the treatment, respectively. High efficiency of Xe/H2O2 treatment process (100.00%) at the end of treatment and the structure of residual PAHs which changed to the lighter compounds (2,3-ringed PAHs) before accomplishment of the removal process were proven. Generally, low resistance of Fln to all treatment conditions was observed. Total removal of Nap was considered to be a characteristic PAH compound for completion of the removal of PAHs. Mutate of parent PAH compounds and intermediates were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the results suggest the evaluating the toxicity of the treated water due to by-product formation concerns
___
Achten, C. & Andersson, J.T. (2015). Overview of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PAC). Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 35(2–4), 177–186. DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.994071
Amani-Ghadim, A.R. & Dorraji, M.S.S. (2015). Modeling of photocatalyatic process on synthesized ZnO nanoparticles: Kinetic model development and artificial neural networks. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 163, 539–546. DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.08.020
Bagheri, S., Termehyousefi, A. & Do, T.O. (2017). Photocatalytic pathway toward degradation of environmental pharmaceutical pollutants: Structure, kinetics and mechanism approach. Catalysis Science and Technology, 7(20), 4548–4569. DOI: 10.1039/c7cy00468k
Battin, T.J., Kammer, F. v.d., Weilhartner, A., Ottofuelling, S. & Hofmann, T. (2009). Nanostructured TiO 2 : Transport Behavior and Effects on Aquatic Microbial Communities under Environmental Conditions. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(21), 8098–8104. DOI: 10.1021/es9017046
Beach, D. G., Quilliam, M. A., Rouleau, C., Croll, R.P. & Hellou, J. (2010). Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of pyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene by the marine whelk Buccinum undatum. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 29(4), 779–788. DOI: 10.1002/etc.112
Bergman, Å., Heindel, J., Jobling, S., Kidd, K. & Zoeller, R.T. (2012). State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals, 2012. Toxicology Letters (Vol. 211). UNEP/WHO. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.020
Chatterjee, D. & Mahata, A. (2002). Visible light induced photodegradation of organic pollutants on dye adsorbed TiO2 surface. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 153(1–3), 199–204. DOI: 10.1016/S1010-6030(02)00291-5
Daniela, M. Pampanin, M.O.S. (2013). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons a Constituent of Petroleum: Presence and Influence in the Aquatic Environment. In Hydrocarbon. InTech. DOI: 10.5772/48176
Deng, X.-Y., Cheng, J., Hu, X.-L., Wang, L., Li, D. & Gao, K. (2017). Biological effects of TiO 2 and CeO 2 nanoparticles on the growth, photosynthetic activity, and cellular components of a marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Science of The Total Environment, 575, 87–96. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.003
Dionysiou, D., Puma, G.L., Ye, J., Schneider, J. & Bahnemann, D. (2016). Photocatalysis Applications. (D. D. Dionysiou, G. Li Puma, J. Ye, J. Schneider, & D. Bahnemann, Eds.). Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. DOI: 10.1039/9781782627104
Fasnacht, M.P. & Blough, N.V. (2003). Mechanisms of the Aqueous Photodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Environmental Science & Technology, 37(24), 5767–5772. DOI: 10.1021/es034389c
Fechner, H.F.H. & E.J. (2015). Chemical Fate and Transport in the Environment. Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/C2011-0-09677-1
Forsgren, A.J. (2015). Wastewater Treatment: Occurrence and Fate of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). CRC Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=D3V3CAAAQBAJ&dq=Wastewate r+Treatment+Occurrence+and+Fate+of+Polycyclic+Aromatic+Hydrocarb ons+(PAHs)+DIO&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s&hl=en
Förstner, U. & Wittmann, G.T.W. (1981). Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment. Springer-Verlag. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-69385-4
Gmurek, M., Olak-Kucharczyk, M. & Ledakowicz, S. (2017). Photochemical decomposition of endocrine disrupting compounds – A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 310, 437–456. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.05.014
González-Gaya, B., Fernández-Pinos, M.-C., Morales, L., Méjanelle, L., Abad, E., Piña, B., … Dachs, J. (2016). High atmosphere–ocean exchange of semivolatile aromatic hydrocarbons. Nature Geoscience, 9(6), 438–442. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2714
Gurunathan, K., Murugan, A.V., Marimuthu, R., Mulik, U. & Amalnerkar, D. (1999). Electrochemically synthesised conducting polymeric materials for applications towards technology in electronics, optoelectronics and energy storage devices. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 61(3), 173– 191. DOI: 10.1016/S0254-0584(99)00081-4
Kochany, J. & Maguire, R.J. (1994). Abiotic transformations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic nitrogen heterocycles in aquatic environments. Science of The Total Environment, 144(1–3), 17–31. DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(94)90424-3
Konstantinou, I.K. & Albanis, T.A. (2004). TiO2-assisted photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in aqueous solution: kinetic and mechanistic investigations. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 49(1), 1–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2003.11.010
Kurtoglu, M. E., Longenbach, T. & Gogotsi, Y. (2011). Preventing Sodium Poisoning of Photocatalytic TiO2 Films on Glass by Metal Doping. International Journal of Applied Glass Science, 2(2), 108–116. DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1294.2011.00040.x
Kurtoglu, M. E., Longenbach, T., Reddington, P. & Gogotsi, Y. (2011). Effect of Calcination Temperature and Environment on Photocatalytic and Mechanical Properties of Ultrathin Sol-Gel Titanium Dioxide Films. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 94(4), 1101–1108. DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04218.x
Luo, Z., Wei, C., He, N., Sun, Z., Li, H. & Chen, D. (2015). Correlation between the Photocatalytic Degradability of PAHs over Pt/TiO 2 -SiO 2 in Water and Their Quantitative Molecular Structure. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2015, 1–11. DOI: 10.1155/2015/284834
Mastral, A.M. & Callén, M.S. (2000). A Review on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Emissions from Energy Generation. Environmental Science & Technology, 34(15), 3051–3057. DOI:10.1021/es001028d
Miller, J.S., & Olejnik, D. (2001). Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. Water Research, 35(1), 233–243. DOI: 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00230-X
Mondal, K., Bhattacharyya, S. & Sharma, A. (2014). Photocatalytic Degradation of Naphthalene by Electrospun Mesoporous Carbon-Doped Anatase TiO 2 Nanofiber Mats. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 53(49), 18900–18909. DOI: 10.1021/ie5025744
Motorykin, O., Santiago-Delgado, L., Rohlman, D., Schrlau, J. E., Harper, B., Harris, S., … Massey Simonich, S. L. (2015). Metabolism and excretion rates of parent and hydroxy-PAHs in urine collected after consumption of traditionally smoked salmon for Native American volunteers. Science of The Total Environment, 514, 170–177. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.083
Mueller, N.C. & Nowack, B. (2008). Exposure Modeling of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Environment. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(12), 4447–4453. DOI: 10.1021/es7029637
Naphthalene in Moth Balls and Toilet Deodorant Cakes - Fact sheets. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/infectious/phus.asp National Academy of Sciences. (1993). Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. DOI: 10.17226/2049
Oturan, M.A. & Aaron, J.-J. (2014). Advanced Oxidation Processes in Water/Wastewater Treatment: Principles and Applications. A Review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 44(23), 2577–2641. DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2013.829765
Pal, A., Gin, K.Y.H., Lin, A.Y.C. & Reinhard, M. (2010). Impacts of emerging organic contaminants on freshwater resources: Review of recent occurrences, sources, fate and effects. Science of the Total Environment, 408(24), 6062–6069. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.026
Pujro, R., Falco, M. & Sedran, U. (2015). Catalytic Cracking of Heavy Aromatics and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons over Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Catalysts. Energy & Fuels, 29(3), 1543–1549. DOI: 10.1021/ef502707w
Ramesh, A., Archibong, A., Hood, D., Guo, Z. & Loganathan, B. (2011). Global Environmental Distribution and Human Health Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. In Global Contamination Trends of Persistent Organic Chemicals (pp. 97–126). CRC Press. DOI: 10.1201/b11098-7
Ravindra, K., Sokhi, R. & Van Grieken, R. (2008). Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation. Atmospheric Environment, 42(13), 2895–2921. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010
Rezaee, M., Assadi, Y., Milani Hosseini, M.-R., Aghaee, E., Ahmadi, F. & Berijani, S. (2006). Determination of organic compounds in water using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Journal of Chromatography A, 1116(1–2), 1–9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.007
Ross, R.D. & Crosby, D.G. (1985). Photooxidant activity in natural waters. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 4(6), 773–778. DOI:10.1002/etc.5620040608
Shanker, U., Jassal, V. & Rani, M. (2017). Degradation of toxic PAHs in water and soil using potassium zinc hexacyanoferrate nanocubes. Journal of Environmental Management, 204, 337–348. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.015
Sigman, M.E., Schuler, P.F., Ghosh, M.M. & Dabestani, R.T. (1998). Mechanism of Pyrene Photochemical Oxidation in Aqueous and Surfactant Solutions. Environmental Science & Technology, 32(24), 3980–3985. DOI: 10.1021/es9804767
Sigman, M.E., Zingg, S.P., Pagni, R.M. & Burns, J. H. (1991). Photochemistry of anthracene in water. Tetrahedron Letters, 32(41), 5737–5740. DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)93543-3
Stogiannidis, E. & Laane, R. (2015). Source Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Using Their Molecular Indices: An Overview of Possibilities. In Springer International Publishing (Vol. 234, pp. 49– 133). Springer International Publishing . DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10638-0_2
Tiedeken, E.J., Tahar, A., McHugh, B. & Rowan, N.J. (2017). Monitoring, sources, receptors, and control measures for three European Union watch list substances of emerging concern in receiving waters – A 20 year systematic review. Science of The Total Environment, 574, 1140– 1163. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.084
Tjeerdema, R.S. (2012). Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria for Selected Pesticides. (R. S. Tjeerdema, Ed.) (Vol. 216). Boston, MA: Springer US. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2260-0
Tornero, V., & Hanke, G. (2016). Chemical contaminants entering the marine environment from sea-based sources: A review with a focus on European seas. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 112(1–2), 17–38. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.091
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2007). Ecological Soil Screening Levels for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Interim Final. Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/ecossl_pah.pdf
USEPA. (2007). Method 625 - Base/neutrals and acids. Methods for organic chemical analysis of municipal and industrial wastewater.
Viswanathan, V., Hansen, H.A., & Nørskov, J.K. (2015). Selective Electrochemical Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide from Water Oxidation. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 6(21), 4224–4228. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02178
Wang, Y., Zhu, X., Lao, Y., Lv, X., Tao, Y., Huang, B., … Cai, Z. (2016). TiO 2 nanoparticles in the marine environment: Physical effects responsible for the toxicity on algae Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Science of The Total Environment, 565, 818–826. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.164
Water Treatability Database / Ultraviolet Irradiation + Hydrogen Peroxide. (n.d.). Retrieved December 26, 2018, from https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/treatment/treatmentOverview.do
Wee, S.Y. & Aris, A.Z. (2017). Endocrine disrupting compounds in drinking water supply system and human health risk implication. Environment International, 106(April), 207–233. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.05.004
Yan, J., Wang, L., Fu, P.P. & Yu, H. (2004). Photomutagenicity of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the US EPA priority pollutant list. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 557(1), 99–108. DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.10.004
Yin, S., Tang, M., Chen, F., Li, T. & Liu, W. (2017). Environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ): The correlation with and impact on reproductive hormones in umbilical cord serum *. Environmental Pollution, 220, 1429–1437. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.090
Zhang, Y., Dong, S., Wang, H., Tao, S. & Kiyama, R. (2016). Biological impact of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( ePAHs ) as endocrine disruptors *. Environmental Pollution, 213(November), 809– 824. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.050