Avrupa Yönetişimi ve Ulusaltı Yönetimlerin Ulusötesi Ağ Faaliyetleri

Literatürde ulusaltı yönetimlerin ulusötesi ağ faaliyetleri (transnational networking)- yerel ve bölgesel yönetimlerin muadilleri ile işbirliği ve ortaklık bağlamında çeşitli etkileşim süreçleri içine girmesi- AB yönetişiminin dikkat çeken unsurlarından biri olarak değerlendirilebilmektedir. Bu bağlamda söz konusu ağ faaliyetlerinin ulusaltı yönetimlerin AB yönetişim süreçlerine dahil olmalarında kolaylaştırıcı bir rol üstlendiği ifade edilebilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, ulusaltı yönetimlerin karşılıklı bilgi paylaşımı, işbirliği, ortak proje geliştirme, en iyi uygulama paylaşımı, lobi faaliyetleri yürütme, finansal kaynaklara erişim gibi amaçlarla bir araya geldikleri ve ağ faaliyeti gerçekleştirdikleri belirtilebilirken, bu yolla söz konusu idarelerin AB yönetişim süreçleri içinde hareketlilik kazandıkları, etkileşim ve görünürlüklerini arttırdıkları tartışılabilmektedir. Bu çalışma çerçevesinde ulusaltı yönetimler ve AB yönetişimine ilişkin bağlam yönetişim ağları perspektifinden tartışılmakta; farklı yaklaşımlara dair değerlendirmeler vurgulanırken, bu alanda yapılacak çalışmaların yerel yönetim literatürüne sağlayacağı katkı ele alınmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Yerel Yönetimler, Yönetişim, Ağlar, Network, AB

EU Governance and Transnational Networking of Subnational Authorities

In the literature, transnational networking of subnational authorities - involvement of local and regional governments with their counterparts in various interaction processes in the context of cooperation and partnership - can be regarded as one of the recent notable elements of EU governance. In this respect, this kind of network activities implies a facilitating role for engagement of subnational authorities in EU governance processes.Furthermore, it is argued that subnational authorities come together for networking activities such as mutual information sharing, cooperation, joint project development, best practices exchange, lobbying activities, access to financial resources and in this regard some studies consider that these authorities are getting active in the EU governance processes, and they may find some opportunities to enhance their interaction and visibility. Within the scope of this paper, the context related to EU governance and subnational authorities is discussed through the perspective of governance networks as indicating the analysis of various approaches, and the contribution of the studies to be done in this field to local government literature is appraised.

Keywords:

Governance, Networks, Sub-national Authorities, Sub-national Governments, EU,

Tam Metin

___

Acuto, M., Morissette, M. ve Tsouros A. (2017). City Diplomacy: Towards More Strategic Networking? Learning with WHO Healthy Cities. Global Policy, 8(1), 14-22. doi: 10.1111/1758-5899.12382
Ansell, C. K., Parsons, C. A. ve Darden, K. A. (1997). Dual Networks in European Regional Development Policy. Journal of Common Market Studies, 35(3), 347-375. doi: 10.1111/1468-5965.00066.
Ansell, C. (2000). The Networked Polity: Regional Development in Western Europe. Governance, 13(2), 279–291. doi: 10.1111/0952-1895.00136
Bache, I. (2003, 27-29 Mart). Europeanization: A Governance Approach. EUSA 8th Biennial International Conference, Nashville. http://aei.pitt.edu/554/1/Bache_EUSA.txt (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017).
Bache, I. (2004). Multi-level Governance and European Union Regional Policy. I. Bache ve M. Flinders (Ed.). Multi-level Governance içinde (ss. 165-178). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bache, I. ve Flinders, M. (Ed.). (2004). Multi-level Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bache, I. (2008). Europeanization and Multi-Level Governance: Cohesion Policy in the European Union and Britain. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Bäckstrand, K. (2006). Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships for Sustainable Development: Rethinking Legitimacy, Accountability and Effectiveness. European Environment, 16(5), 290–306. doi: 10.1002/eet.425
Bartolini, S. (2011). New Modes of Governance in Europe: An Introduction. A. Héritier ve M. Rhodes (Ed.), New Modes of Governance in Europe: Governing in the Shadow of Hierarchy içinde (ss. 1-18). New York: Palgrave Macmillan
Bauer, M. W. ve Studinger, P. (2011, 03-05 Mart). European Regions’ Relationship with the EU Seen from Below-Re-visiting the Subnational Mobilization Thesis-. EUSA 12th Biennial International Conference, Boston. http://www.euce.org/eusa/2011/papers/11c_bauer.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017).
Bauer, M. W. ve Becker, S. (2015). Subnational Administrations in the EU Multilevel System: Perspectives from the Bureaucratic Elite. M. W. Bauer ve J. Trondal (Ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of European Administrative System içinde (ss. 432-448). UK: Palgrave MacMillan.
Blom, T., Radulova, E. ve Arnold, C. (2008). Theorizing Modes of Governance in the EU: Institutional Design and Informational Complexity. European Governance Papers (EUROGOV), No. C-08-04, http://www.connex-network.org/eurogov/pdf/egp-connex-C-08-04.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017).
Bomberg, E. ve Peterson, J. (1998). European Decision Making: the Role of Sub-national Authorities. Political Studies, 46(2), 219-235. doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.00137.
Borghetto, E. ve Franchino, F. (2010). The Role of Subnational Authorities in the Implementation of EU Directives. Journal of European Public Policy, 17(6), 759-780. doi: 10.1080/13501763.2010.486972
Bouteligier, S. (2013). Cities, Networks, and Global Environmental Governance: Spaces of Innovation, Places of Leadership. Oxon: Routledge.
Bozlağan, R. ve Demirkaya, Y. (2005). Londra Anakent Belediye Sistemi ile Türk Anakent Belediye Sistemi’nin Karşılaştırılması. M. Kösecik ve H. Özgür (Ed.). Yerel Yönetimler Üzerine Güncel Yazılar-1 içinde (ss. 499-511). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
Börzel, T. A. (1997). What So Special About Policy Networks? – An Exploration of the Concept and Its Usefulness in Studying European Governance. European Integration online Papers (EIoP), 1(16), http://eiop.or.at/eiop/pdf/1997-016.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017).
Börzel, T. A. (1998). Organizing Babylon - On the Different Conceptions of Policy Networks. Public Administration, 76(2), 253-273. doi: 10.1111/1467-9299.00100
Börzel, T. A. ve Heard-Lauréote, K. (2009). Networks in the EU Multi-Level Governance: Concepts and Contributions. Journal of Public Policy, 29(2), 135-151. doi: 10.1017/S0143814X09001044
Börzel, T. A. (2011). Networks: Reified Metaphor or Governance Panacea? Public Administration, 89(1), 49-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9299.2011.01916.x
Brender, N., Yzeiraj, B. ve Dupuy, F. (2017). Risk and Accountability: Drivers for Change in Network Governance. The Case of School Restaurants Governance in a Swiss City. Cogent Business & Management, 4(1), 1-13. doi: 10.1080/23311975.2017.1384636.
Bruszt, L. (2008). Multi-level Governance—the Eastern Versions: Emerging Patterns of Regional Developmental Governance in the New Member States. Regional & Federal Studies, 18(5), 607-627. doi: 10.1080/13597560802351622
Castells, M. (2005). Enformasyon Çağı, Ekonomi, Toplum ve Kültür: Ağ Toplumunun Yükselişi. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Checkel, J. T. (2006). Constructivist Approaches to European Integration. ARENA and Department of Political Science University of Oslo Working Papers No. 06, http://www.sv.uio.no/arena/english/research/publications/arena-publications/workingpapers/working-papers2006/wp06_06.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Christiansen, T., Føllesdal, A. ve Piattoni, S. (2003). Informal Governance in the European Union: An Introduction. T. Christiansen ve S. Piattoni (Ed.), Informal Governance in the European Union içinde (ss. 1-21). Cheltenham ve Northampton: Edward Elgar.
Commission of the European Communities. (2001, 25 Temmuz). European Governance – A White Paper. (COM[2001] 428 final-Official Journal C287 of 12.10.2011). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52001DC0428&rid=1 (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Committee of Regions. (2003). Opinion of the Committee of the Regions on the document “Towards the enlarged Union-Strategy Paper and Report of the European Commission on the progress towards accession by each of the candidate countries”, and on the “Report from the Commission to the Council: Explaining Europe’s Enlargement”. Official Journal C128 of 29.05.2003, ss. 56-62. (2003/C 128/10). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52002IR0325(01)&from=EN (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Committee of Regions. (2009). Multilevel Governance – A White Paper (CoR 89/2009). http://cor.europa.eu/en/activities/governance/Documents/mlg-white-paper/0387_inside-en-last.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Consolidated Versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. (2010, 30 Mart). Official Journal of the European Union, C 83. doi: 10.3000/17252423.C_2010.083.eng http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=OJ:C:2010:083:TOC (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Conzelmann, T. (1995). Networking and the Politics of EU Regional Policy. Regional and Federal Studies, 5(2), 134-173. doi: 10.1080/13597569508420928.
Cram, L. (2011). The Importance of the Temporal Dimension: New Modes of Governance as a Tool of Government. Journal of European Public Policy, 18(5), 636-653. doi: 10.1080/13501763.2011.586793
Demirkaya, Y. (2008). Birleşik Avrupa’nın Yerelleşme Politikası. R. Bozlağan ve Y. Demirkaya (Ed.). Türkiye’de Yerel Yönetimler içinde (ss. 29-44). Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
Eberlein, B. ve Newman, A. L. (2008). Escaping the International Governance Dilemma? Incorporated Transgovernmental Networks in the European Union. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 21(1), 25-52.
European Charter of Local Self-Government. (1985). Council of Europe Treaty Series - No. 122 https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168007a088 (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
European Commission. (2010). EUROPE 2020: A Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth. COM(2010) 2020 final. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:2020:FIN:EN:PDF (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
European Commission. (2013). Multiannual Financial Framework 2014-2020 and EU Budget 2014: The Figures. http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/multiannual-financial-framework-2014-2020-and-eu-budget-2014-pbKV0413055/?CatalogCategoryID=mpgKABstFogAAAEjbIUY4e5K (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
European Commission. (2016). Investing in Regions and Cities: EU Cohesion Policy 2014-2020. http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/fr/information/publications/presentations/2016/investing-in-regions-and-cities-eu-cohesion-policy-2014-2020 (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
European Economic and Social Committee. (2012). Common Strategic Framework on Cohesion: 2014-2020. ECO/329 EESC-2012-1393. http://webapi.eesc.europa.eu/documentsanonymous/ces1393-2012_00_00_tra_ac_en.doc (Erişim tarihi: 31 Aralık 2016)
European Parliament and Council. (2013, 17 Aralık). Regulation No. EU/1303/2013. Official Journal L347-320 of 20.12.2013. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32013R1303&from=EN (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Falkner, G. (1997, 29 Mayıs-01 Haziran). Multi-level Plus Multi-actor: Co-operative Governance in the European Union. The 5th Biennial International Conference, Seatlle. http://aei.pitt.edu/2577/ (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Falkner, G. (2000). The Policy Networks in a Multi‐level System: Convergence towards Moderate Diversity? West European Politics, 23(4), 94-120. doi: 10.1080/01402380008425402
Fleurke, F. ve Willemse, R. (2006). The European Union and the Autonomy of Sub-national Authorities: Towards an Analysis of Constraints and Opportunities in Sub-national Decision-making. Regional & Federal Studies, 16(1), 83-98. doi: 10.1080/13597560500533752
Goldsmith, M. (1993). The Europeanisation of Local Government. Urban Studies, 30(4-5), 683-699. doi: 10.1080/00420989320081871
Guderjan, M. (2012). Local Government and European Integration– beyond Europeanisation? Political Perspectives, 6(1), 105-128. http://www.politicalperspectives.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/PP_final-article6_Europeanisation-or-integration-of-local-government1.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Hanf, K. I. ve O’Toole, L. J. (2003). Multi-Level Governance Networks and the Use of Policy Instruments in the European Union. H. Th. A. Bressers ve W. Rosenbaum (Ed.), Achieving Sustainable Development: The Challenge of Governance across Social Scales içinde (ss. 257-279). USA: Praeger Publishers.
Happaerts, S. (2008). Inter-subnational Networks for Sustainable Development State-of-the-art and the Experiences of Flanders and Wallonia. Working Paper No. 8. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/229035/3/Working%2520Paper%25208_Happaerts.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Héritier, A. (2003). New Modes of Governance in Europe: Increasing Political Capacity and Policy Effectiveness? T. A. Börzel ve R. A. Cichowski (Ed.), The State of the European Union: Law, Politics, and Society içinde (ss. 105-126). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Héritier, A. ve Lehmkuhl, D. (2008). The Shadow of Hierarchy and New Modes of Governance. Journal of Public Policy, 28(1), 1-17. doi: 10.1017/S0143814X08000755
Hooghe, L. (1995). Subnational Mobilization in the European Union, Western European Politics, 18(3), 175 – 198.
Hooghe, L. ve Marks, G. (1996). “Europe with the Regions”: Channels of Regional Representation in the European Union. Publius: Journal of Federalism, 26(1), 73-92.
Hooghe, L. ve Marks, G. (2001). Multi-level Governance and European Integration. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Huysseune, M. ve Jans, T. (2008). Brussels as the Capital of a Europe of the Regions? Regional Offices as European Policy Actors. School of Politics, Brussels Studies, Issue No. 16. http://www.brusselsstudies.be/medias/publications/EN_57_BruS16EN.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Jeffery, C. (1997, 29 Mayıs-01 Haziran). Sub-national Authorities and European Integration: Moving beyond the Nation-state?. The 5th Biennial International Conference, Seatlle. http://aei.pitt.edu/2635/ (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Jeffery, C. (1998). Les Länder Allemands et l’Europe: Intérêts, Stratégies et Influence dans les Politiques Communautaires. E. Négrier ve B. Jouve (Ed.), Que Gouvernent les Régions d’Europe? içinde (ss. 55-84). Paris: L’Harmattan.
Jeffery, C. (2000). Sub-National Mobilization and European Integration: Does it Make Any Difference. Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(1), 01-23. doi: 10.1111/1468-5965.00206.
Jones, C., Hesterly, W. S. ve Borgatti, S. P. (1997). A General Theory of Network Governance: Exchange Conditions and Social Mechanisms. Academy of Management Review, 22(4), 911-945.
Jones, M. ve MacLeod, G. (2002). Regional Tensions: Constructing Institutional Cohesion? New Regionalism, North West Style. J. Peck ve K. Ward (Ed.). City of Revolution: Restructuring Manchester içinde (ss. 180-183). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Jordan, A. (2001). The European Union: an Evolving System of Multi-level Governance... or Government? Policy & Politics, 29(2), 193-208. doi: 10.1332/0305573012501305
Jordan, A. ve Schout, A. (2006). The Coordination of the European Union: Exploring the Capacities of Networked Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kaiser, W., Leucht, B. ve Gehler, M. (2010). Transnational Networks in European Integration Governance: Historical Perspective on an Elusive Phenomenon. W. Kaiser, B. Leucht ve M. Gehler (Ed.), Transnational Networks in Regional Integration: Governing Europe 1945-83 içinde (ss. 1-17). Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
Kern, K. ve Bulkeley, H. (2009). Cities, Europeanization and Multi-level Governance: Governing Climate Change through Transnational Municipal Networks. Journal of Common Market Studies, 47(2), 309-332. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5965.2009.00806.x.
Kettunen, P. ve Kull, M. (2009). Governing Europe: the Status and Networking Strategies of Finnish, Estonian and German Subnational Offices in Europe. Regional and Federal Studies, 19(1), 117-142. doi: 10.1080/13597560802692447.
Klijn, E. H. ve Koppenjan, J. F. M. (2000). Public Management and Policy Networks: Foundations of a Network Approach to Governance. Public Managment, 2(2), 135-158. ISSN 1461-667X.
Klijn, E. H. ve Skelcher, C. (2007). Democracy and Governance Networks: Compatible or Not? Public Administration, 85(3), 587–608.
Klijn, E. H. (2008). Governance and Governance Networks in Europe: An Assessment of 10 Years of Research on the Theme. Public Management Review, 10(4), 505-525. doi: 10.1080/14719030802263954
Kohler-Koch, B. (2005). European Governance and System Integration. European Governance Papers (EUROGOV) No. C/05/01. http://www.sv.uio.no/arena/english/research/projects/cidel/old/Reports/Report106/4_KohlerKoch.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Kohler-Koch, B. ve Rittberger, B. (2006). Review Article: The ‘Governance Turn’ in EU Studies. Journal of Common Market Studies, 44(1), 27-49. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5965.2006.00642.x
Kourtikakis, K. (2005, 31 Mart-02 Nisan). Networking with National Authorities: Information Sharing and Bureaucratic Accountability in the European Union. EUSA 9th Biennial International Conference, Texas. http://aei.pitt.edu/3020/1/Kourtikakis_EUSA2005.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Kübler, D. ve Pagano, M. A. (2012). Urban Politics as Multilevel Analysis. K. Mossberger, S. E. Clarke ve P. John (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics içinde (ss. 114-129). New York: Oxford University Press.
Le Galès, P. (2002). European Cities: Social Conflicts and Governance. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lefèvre, C. ve d'Albergo, E. (2007). Guest Editorial: “Why Cities are Looking Abroad and How They Go about it. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 25(3), 317-326. doi: 10.1068/c2503ed
Leitner, H., Pavlik, C. ve Sheppard, E. (2002). Networks, Governance, and the Politics of Scale: Inter-Urban Networks and the European Union. A. Herod ve M. W. Wright (Ed.), Geographies of Power: Placing Scale içinde (ss. 274-303). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
MacPhail, E. (2006). Sub-national Authorities and the Open Method of Coordination: A New Opportunity or the Same Old Community? Journal of Contemporary European Research, 2(1), 58-74. http://www.jcer.net/index.php/jcer/article/view/24/26 (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Marks, G. (1992). Structural Policy in the European Community. A. Sbragia (Ed.), Europolitics: Institutions and Policy Making in the 'New' European Community içinde (ss. 191-224). Washington DC: The Brookings Institution.
Marks, G. (1993). Structural Policy and Multilevel Governance in the EC. A. Cafruny ve G. Rosenthal (Ed.), The State of the European Community içinde (ss. 391-410). New York: Lynne Rienner.
Marks, G., Nielsen, F., Ray, L. ve Salk, J. E. (1996). Competencies, Cracks, and Conflicts: Regional Mobilization in the European Union. Comparative Political Studies, 29(2), 164-192. doi: 10.1177/0010414096029002002
Marsh, D. ve Rhodes R. A. W. (Ed.). (1992). Policy Networks in British Government. Oxford Scholarship Online, doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198278528.001.0001
Medina, M. G. ve Fedeli, V. (2014, 19-24 Temmuz). European Urban Policy and New Instruments of Territorial Governance. XXIIIrd World Congress of Political Science (IPSA), Montréal. http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_32208.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Meuleman, L. (2008). Public Management and the Metagovernance of Hierarchies, Networks and Markets: The Feasibility of Designing and Managing Governance Style Combinations. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag.
Newig, J., Günther, D. ve Pahl-Wostl, C. (2010). Synapses in the Network: Learning in Governance Networks in the Context of Environmental Management. Ecology and Society, 15(4): 24. [online] http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/art24 (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Niederhafner, S. (2012). Functions of Transnational City Networks in Europe and Asia: Same, Same but Different. IPSA 12th World Congress, Madrid. http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_15787.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Öner, S. (2004). Relations between the EU and Sub-regions and their Impact on the European Nation-state. DRC Summer School Papers. http://www.drcsummerschool.eu/static/designs/drcsummerschool/portlets/portlet.application.DocumentStorage/getFile.jsp?order=getFile&id=48&returnUri=/proceedings&returnOrder=getLinks&returnCategoryId=3 (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Papadopoulos, Y. (2007). Problems of Democratic Accountability in Network and Multilevel Governance. European Law Journal, 13(4), 469-486. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0386.2007.00379.x
Papadopoulos, Y. (2010). Accountability and Multi-Level Governance: More Accountability, Less Democracy? West European Politics, 33(5), 1030-1049. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2010.486126
Perkmann, M. (2003). Cross-Border Regions in Europe: Significance and Drivers of Regional Cross-Border Co-Operation. European Urban and Regional Studies, 10(2), 153–171.
Peterson, J. (2003). Policy Networks. Reihe Politikwissenschaft Political Science Series, No. 90. http://www.ihs.ac.at/publications/pol/pw_90.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Piattoni, S. (2014). Blurring Political and Functional Representation: Subnational Territorial Interests in European Multilevel Governance. P. A. Hall, W. Jacoby, J. Levy ve S. Meunier (Ed.), The Politics of Representation in the Global Age: Identification, Mobilization, and Adjudicition içinde New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pierre, J., Røiseland, A. ve Gustavsen, A. (2011, 24-25 Kasım). Legitimacy by Performance in Democratic Systems? Preparing for Empirical Analysis. Nordisk Kommuneforskerkonferanse, Gothenburg, Sweden. https://spa.gu.se/digitalAssets/1350/1350024_legitimacy-by-performance-pierre-r--iseland-gustavsen.docx (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Pollack, M. A. (2010). Theorizing EU Policy-Making. H. Wallace, M. A. Pollack ve A. R. Young (Ed.), Policy-Making in the European Union içinde (6th Ed., ss. 15-45). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Raab, J. ve Kenis, P. N. (2007). Taking Stock of Policy Networks: Do They Matter? M. S. Sidney, F. Fisher ve G. J. Miller (Ed.), Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics and Methods içinde (ss. 187-200). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Rhodes, R. A. W. (1996). The New Governance: Governing without Goverment. Political Studies, 44(4), 652-667. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb01747.x
Rosamond, B. (2009). Supranational Governance. C. Rumford (Ed.), The SAGE Handbook of European Studies içinde (ss. 89-110). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Sánchez, J. (2008). Sub-state Networks and Regional Integration in the European Union and Latin America. Decentralised Cooperation Yearbook 2007/Observatorio de la Cooperación Descentralizada, 178-209. http://observ-ocd.org/sites/observ-ocd.org/files/publicacion/docs/456_242.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Sassen, S. (2005). D The Global City: Introducing a Concept. Brown Journal of World Affairs, 11(2), 27-43.
Schimmelfenning, F. ve Sedelmeier, U. (2004). Governance by Conditionality: EU Rule Transfer to the Candidate Countries of Central and Eastern. Journal of European Public Policy, 11(4), 669-687. doi: 10.1080/1350176042000248089
Schultze, C. J. (2003). Cities and EU Governance: Policy-takers or Policy-makers? Regional and Federal Studies, 13(1), 121-147. doi: 10.1080/714004785
Setzer, J. (2009). Subnational and transnational climate change governance: Evidence from the state and city of São Paulo, Brazil. Fifth Worldbank Urban Research Symposium, Cities and Climate Change: Responding to an Urgent Agenda, Marseille. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1256566800920/6505269-1268260567624/Setzer.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017).
Smismans, S. (2006). New Modes of Governance and the Participatory Myth. European Governance Papers (EUROGOV), No. N-06-01, http://edoc.vifapol.de/opus/volltexte/2011/2460/pdf/egp_newgov_N_06_01.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017).
Sørensen, E. ve Torfing, J. (2007). Introduction: Governance Network Research: Towards a Second Generation. E. Sørensen ve J. Torfing (Ed.), Theories of Democratic Network Governance içinde (ss. 1-21). Hampshire and New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Stoker, G. (2006). Public Value Management: A New Narrative for Networked Governance? The American Review of Public Administration, 36(1), 41–57. doi: 10.1177/0275074005282583
Tatham, M. (2011). “With or Without You”? Revisiting Territorial State-bypassing in EU Interest Representation. P. Mair ve J. Thomassen (Ed.), Political Representation and European Union Governance içinde (ss. 76-99). Oxon: Routledge.
Territorial Agenda of the European Union 2020. (2011, 19 Mayıs). Agreed at the Informal Ministerial Meeting of Ministers responsible for Spatial Planning and Territorial Development, Hungary. http://www.eu-territorial-agenda.eu/Reference%20Documents/Final%20TA2020.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Torfing, J. (2007). Introduction: Democratic Network Governance. M. Marcussen ve J. Torfing (Ed.), Democratic Network Governance in Europe içinde (ss. 1-20). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Torfing, J. ve Sørensen, E. (2014, 01-03 Şubat). The European Debate on Governance by Networks: Towards a New Paradigm? International Symposium on Institutional Design for Conflict Resolution and Negotiation, Graduate School of Law at Nagoya University, Japan. http://ir.nul.nagoya-u.ac.jp/jspui/bitstream/2237/20935/1/02Jacob%20Torfing%20and%20Eva%20S%C3%B8rensen.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Treaty of Maastrich on European Union. (1992). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=URISERV:xy0026 (Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
Van Kersbergen, K. ve Van Waarden, F. (2004). ‘Governance’ as a Bridge between Disciplines: Cross-Disciplinary Inspiration Regarding Shifts in Governance and Problems of Governability, Accountability and Legitimacy. European Journal of Political Research, 43(2), 143–171. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2004.00149.x
Warleigh, A. (2006). Conceptual Combinations: Multilevel Governance and Policy Networks. M. Cini ve A. Bourne (Ed.). Palgrave Advances in European Union Studies içinde (ss. 77-95). New York: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
Williams, G. ve Baker, M. (2007). Strategic and Regional Planning in North West. H. T. Dimitriou ve R. Thompson (Ed.). Strategic Planning for Regional Development in the UK içinde (ss. 291-313). Oxon: Routledge.
Wollmann, H. ve Thurmaier, K. (2012). Reforming Local Government Institutions and The New Public Management. K. Mossberger, S. E. Clarke ve P. John (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics içinde (ss. 179-209). New York: Oxford University Press.

___

Bibtex	@araştırma makalesi { spmj431112, journal = {Strategic Public Management Journal}, eissn = {2149-9543}, address = {Marmara University, Strategic Public Mangement Journal, Anadoluhisarı Yerleşkesi, 34820, Beykoz, İstanbul, Turkey}, publisher = {Yüksel DEMİRKAYA}, year = {2018}, volume = {4}, number = {7}, pages = {59 - 82}, doi = {10.25069/spmj.431112}, title = {Avrupa Yönetişimi ve Ulusaltı Yönetimlerin Ulusötesi Ağ Faaliyetleri}, key = {cite}, author = {Mutlu, Selçuk and Demirkaya, Yüksel} }
APA	Mutlu, S. & Demirkaya, Y. (2018). Avrupa Yönetişimi ve Ulusaltı Yönetimlerin Ulusötesi Ağ Faaliyetleri . Strategic Public Management Journal , 4 (7) , 59-82 . DOI: 10.25069/spmj.431112
MLA	Mutlu, S. , Demirkaya, Y. "Avrupa Yönetişimi ve Ulusaltı Yönetimlerin Ulusötesi Ağ Faaliyetleri" . Strategic Public Management Journal 4 (2018 ): 59-82 <
Chicago	Mutlu, S. , Demirkaya, Y. "Avrupa Yönetişimi ve Ulusaltı Yönetimlerin Ulusötesi Ağ Faaliyetleri". Strategic Public Management Journal 4 (2018 ): 59-82
RIS	TY - JOUR T1 - Avrupa Yönetişimi ve Ulusaltı Yönetimlerin Ulusötesi Ağ Faaliyetleri AU - SelçukMutlu, YükselDemirkaya Y1 - 2018 PY - 2018 N1 - doi: 10.25069/spmj.431112 DO - 10.25069/spmj.431112 T2 - Strategic Public Management Journal JF - Journal JO - JOR SP - 59 EP - 82 VL - 4 IS - 7 SN - -2149-9543 M3 - doi: 10.25069/spmj.431112 UR - Y2 - 2018 ER -
EndNote	%0 Strategic Public Management Journal Avrupa Yönetişimi ve Ulusaltı Yönetimlerin Ulusötesi Ağ Faaliyetleri %A Selçuk Mutlu , Yüksel Demirkaya %T Avrupa Yönetişimi ve Ulusaltı Yönetimlerin Ulusötesi Ağ Faaliyetleri %D 2018 %J Strategic Public Management Journal %P -2149-9543 %V 4 %N 7 %R doi: 10.25069/spmj.431112 %U 10.25069/spmj.431112
ISNAD	Mutlu, Selçuk , Demirkaya, Yüksel . "Avrupa Yönetişimi ve Ulusaltı Yönetimlerin Ulusötesi Ağ Faaliyetleri". Strategic Public Management Journal 4 / 7 (Temmuz 2018): 59-82 .
AMA	Mutlu S. , Demirkaya Y. Avrupa Yönetişimi ve Ulusaltı Yönetimlerin Ulusötesi Ağ Faaliyetleri. SPMJ. 2018; 4(7): 59-82.
Vancouver	Mutlu S. , Demirkaya Y. Avrupa Yönetişimi ve Ulusaltı Yönetimlerin Ulusötesi Ağ Faaliyetleri. Strategic Public Management Journal. 2018; 4(7): 59-82.
IEEE	S. Mutlu ve Y. Demirkaya , "Avrupa Yönetişimi ve Ulusaltı Yönetimlerin Ulusötesi Ağ Faaliyetleri", , c. 4, sayı. 7, ss. 59-82, Tem. 2018, doi:10.25069/spmj.431112