Gabriela PİCCİOTTO, Jesse FOX, Craig S. CASHWELL, Félix NETO

The Spiritual Bypass Scale-Brazilian Adaptation: How Religious Affiliation, Age, and Gender Can Predict Levels of Psychological Avoidance and Spiritualizing

The purpose of this article is to present and discuss three validation studies of the Spiritual Bypass Scale-13 (SBS-13) on a sample of the Brazilian population. These studies have three purposes (a) to recover the twofactor solution of the SBS-13 among a Brazilian population sample; (b) understand how religious affiliation, age, and gender can predict levels of psychological avoidance and spiritualizing; and (c) explore the relationships between spiritual bypass and psycho-social variables, which include depression, anxiety, stress, narcissism, and preference for solitude. All data have been collected using an online self-report survey, and the pre-requisites for filling out the questionnaire are: (a) Brazilian citizenship, (b) a minimum of 18 years of age, and (c) ascribing to some form of spirituality or religion. Based on two different samples of the Brazilian population (N1 = 193 and N2 = 729) that follow, the studies evidence acceptable reliability and validity of the Spiritual Bypass Scale-Brazilian Translation (SBS-BT) for use in the Brazilian Portuguese-speaking community. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we have successfully replicated a two-factor structure of the SBS-BT while controlling for the effects of age, gender, and religious affiliation. The model replicates the two-factor structure of the Brazilian version of the SBS with indications of good fit: X 2 (49, N = 729) = 190.9, p

Manevi Geçiştirme ÖlçeğiBrezilya Adaptasyonu: Dinî İnanç, Yaş ve Cinsiyetin Psikolojik Kaçınma ve Manevileştirme Düzeylerini Yordaması

Bu makalenin amacı, Brezilyalı bir örneklem üzerinde Manevi Geçiştirme Ölçeği-13’ün (SBS-13) geçerlik ve güvenirliğine ilişkin üç çalışmayı sunmak ve tartışmaktır. Bu çalışmaların üç amacı vardır: a) Brezilyalı bir örneklemde SBS-13’ün iki faktörlü çözümünü ortaya çıkarmak; (b) dini eğilimin, yaşın ve cinsiyetin psikolojik kaçınma ve manevileştirme seviyelerini nasıl yordadığını incelemek ve (c) manevi geçiştirme ile depresyon, anksiyete, stres, narsisizm ve yalnızlık tercihini içeren psiko-sosyal değişkenler arasındaki ilişkileri araştırmak. Tüm veriler çevrimiçi bir öz-bildirim anketi kullanılarak toplanmıştır ve anketin doldurulmasına yönelik önkoşullar şunlardır: (a) Brezilya vatandaşlığı, (b) en az 18 yaşında olmak ve (c) din veya maneviyatın bir türüne ilişkin bağlılık. Brezilyalı iki farklı örneklem üzerinde yapılan çalışmalarda (N1 = 193 and N2 = 729) Brezilya Portekizcesi konuşan bireylerde kullanılmak üzere uyarlanan Manevi Geçiştirme Ölçeği- Brezilya Formu’nun kabul edilebilir düzeyde güvenirlik ve geçerlik özelliklerine sahip olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi kullanılarak, SBS-13’ün iki faktörlü yapısı, yaş, cinsiyet ve dini eğilimlerin etkileri kontrol edilerek başarıyla doğrulanmıştır. Bu model, SBS’nin Brezilya versiyonunun iki faktörlü yapısını, iyi uyum göstergeleriyle tekrarlamıştır X 2 (49, N = 729) = 190.9, p

PDF

___

Apóstolo, J., Mendes, A., & Azeredo, Z. (2006). Adaptation to portuguese of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS). Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 14(6), 863‒871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692006000600006

Borsa, J., Damásio, B., & Bandeira, D. R. (2012). Adaptação e validação de instrumentos psicológicos entre culturas: Algumas considerações. Paidéia, 22(53), 423‒432. http://dx.doi. org/10.1590/S0103-863X2012000300014

Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 79‒89.

Burger, J. M. (1995). Individual differences in preference for solitude. Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 85‒108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1995.1005

Cashwell, C. S., Bentley, P. B., & Yarborough, J. P. (2007). The only way out is through: The peril of spiritual bypass. Counseling and Values, 51, 139–148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161- 007X.2007.tb00071.x

Cashwell, C. S., Clarke, P. B., & Graves, E. G. (2009). Step by step: Avoiding spiritual bypass in 12-step work. Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 30, 37–48. http://dx.doi. org/10.1002/j.2161-1874.2009.tb00055.x

Cashwell, C. S., Glosoff, H. L., & Hammonds, C. (2010). Spiritual bypass: A preliminary investigation. Counseling and Values, 54, 162–174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161- 007X.2010.tb00014.x

Cashwell, C. S., Myers, J. E., & Shurts, M. (2004). Using the developmental counseling and therapy model to work with a client in spiritual bypass: Some preliminary considerations. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82, 403‒409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00327.x

Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233‒255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/ S15328007SEM0902_5

Clark, C., Classen, C. C., Fourt, A., & Shetty, M. (2015). Treating the trauma survivor: An essential guide to trauma-informed care. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis.

Clarke, P. B., Giordano, A. L., Cashwell, C. S., & Lewis, T. F. (2013). The straight path to healing: Using motivational interviewing to address spiritual bypass. Journal of Counseling and Development, 91, 87‒94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00075.x

Fox, J., Caswell, C. S., & Picciotto, G. (2017). The opiate of the masses: Measuring spiritual bypass and its relationship to spirituality, religion, mindfulness, psychological distress, and personality. Spirituality in Clinical Practice. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/scp0000141

Gorsuch, R. L. (1984). Measurement: The boon and bane of investigating religion. American Psychologist, 39(3), 228‒236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.39.3.228

Gravetter, F., & Wallnau, L. (2014). Essentials of statistics for the behavioral sciences (8th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth.

Griffith, J. L. (2010). Religion that heals, religion that harms: A guide for clinical practice. New York: Guilford Press.

Koenig, H. (2012). Overview of the research. In H. Koenig (Ed.), Spirituality and health research (pp. 13‒27). West Conshohocken: John Templeton Press.

Langaro, F. N. (2012). As Manifestações do Vazio na Sociedade Contemporânea. (Dissertação de Mestrado), Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo-RS.

Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Sydney: Psychology Foundation.

Masters, R. A. (2010). Spiritual bypassing: When spirituality disconnects us from what really matters. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Mathieu, I. (2011). Recovering spirituality: Achieving emotional sobriety in your spiritual practice. Center City, MN: Hazeldon.

Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2012). Motivational interviewing: Helping people change (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford.

Pargament, K. (2001). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. New York: Guilford.

Pargament, K. (2011). Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: Understanding and addressing the sacred. New York: Guilford Press.

Picciotto, G., & Fox, J. (2017). Exploring experts’ perspectives of spiritual bypass: A conventional content analysis. Pastoral Psychology. Advance online publication https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11089-017-0796-7

Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5), 890‒902.

Ricoeur, P. (1970). Freud and philosophy: An essay on interpretation. New Haven, CO: Yale University Press.

Testa, M. G., Rohde, L. R., & Luciano, E. M. (2011). As preferências de estudantes universitários por contato social. Administração: Ensino e Pesquisa, 12(1), 93‒118.

Ullman, J. B. (2001). Structural equation modeling. In B. G. Tabachnick & L. S. Fidell (Eds.), Using multivariate statistics (pp. 653‒771). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Welwood, J. (1984). Principles of inner work: Psychological and spiritual. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 16, 63‒73.

Welwood, J. (2000). Toward a psychology of awakening: Buddhism, psychotherapy, and the path of personal and spiritual transformation. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications.