Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Yetişkinlerin Bilinçli Farkındalık Düzeyleri: Çözüm Odaklı Düşünme ve Değer Vermenin Rolü

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Covid-19 salgını sırasında, yetişkinlerde çözüm odaklı düşünmenin ve değervermenin bilinçli farkındalık üzerindeki rolünü belirlemektir. Veriler, çevrimiçi bir platform aracılığıylaelverişli örnekleme yoluyla elde edildi. Buna göre 357 erkek 314 kadın olmak üzere toplam 669 kişiyeulaşıldı. Verilerin toplanmasında kişisel bilgi formu, Bilinçli Farkındalık Ölçeği, Çözüm Odaklı Envanterve Değer Verme Ölçeği kullanıldı. İlerleme, tıkanma, hedefe yönelim, problemden ayırma ve kaynaklarıhakreket geçirmenin bilinçli farkındalığın anlamlı yordayıcıları olup olmadığını test etmek için aşamalıregresyon analizi yapıldı. Araştırma bulguları detaylı olarak incelendiğinde, tıkanma değişkenininCovid-19 döneminde yetişkinlerde bilinçli farkındalığın en güçlü yordayıcısı olduğu tespit edildi.Sırasıyla diğer anlamlı yordayıcıların problemden ayırma, kaynakları harekete geçirme ve ilerlemeolduğu belirlendi. Öte yandan, hedefe yönelimin bilinçli farkındalığın anlamlı bir yordayıcısı olmadığıbelirlendi. Araştırma bulguları literatür kapsamında tartışıldı ve önerilerde bulunuldu.

The Mindfulness Levels of Adults During theCovid-19 Pandemic: The Role of SolutionFocused Thinking and Valuing

The aim of this research is to identify the role of solution focused thinking and valuing on mindfulness among adults during the Covid-19 pandemic. The data were obtained through convenience sampling via an online platform. Accordingly, a total of 669 people, 357 men and 314 women, were reached. Personal information form, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Solution Focused Inventory and Valuing Questionnaire were used to collect the data. Stepwise regression analysis was conducted to test whether progress, obstruction, goal achievement, problem disengagement and resource activation were meaninful predictors of mindfulness. When the research findings were examined in detail, it was determined that the obstruction variable was the strongest predictor of mindfulness in adults in the Covid-19 period. Other significant predictors, respectively, were determined to be problem disengagement, resource activation and progress. On the other hand, it was determined that goal orientation is not a significant predictor of mindfulness. The research findings were discussed within the scope of the literature and recommendations were made.

___

  • Anaswara, P., Eapen, J. C., George, S., & Baijesh, A. R. (2016). Dispositional mindfulness and solution-focused thinking among university students. In K.Manikandan, K.R. Santhosh, S. Kumar, Koorankot, J. & J. Raheemudheen (Ed.) in International Conference on Solutıon Focused Practıces In Behavıoural Scıences (pp. 136-143) CDMRP University of Calicut.
  • Arslan, G. (2021): Understanding wellbeing and death obsession of young adults in the context of Coronavirus experiences: Mitigating the effect of mindful awareness, Death Studies, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1871122
  • Arslan, Ü., & Asıcı, E. (2020). The mediating role of solution focused thinking in relation between mindfulness and psychological well-being in university students. Current Psychology, 1-10. https:// doi.org/ 10.1007/s12144-020-01251-9.
  • Baer, R. (2009). Self-focused attention and mechanisms of change in mindfulness-based treatment. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38(1), 15–20.
  • Baer, R. (2015). Ethics, values, virtues, and character strengths in mindfulness-based interventions: A psychological scienceperspective. Mindfulness, 6(4), 956-969.
  • Belen, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and Mental Health: The Role of Mindfulness in During Time of Crisis. Research Square, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-40529/v1
  • Bektaş-Öztaşkın, Ö. (2013). Sosyal bilgiler derslerinde belgesel film kullanımının akademik başarıya ve bilinçli farkındalık düzeylerine etkisi [The effect of using documentaries in social studies lesson on the levels of academic success and mindfulness]. Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi - Journal of Educational Sciences Research, 3 (2), 147–162.
  • Brown, K. W. & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848.
  • Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M. & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 211-237.
  • Brown, K. W., & Kasser, T. (2005). Are psychological and ecological well-being compatible? The role of values, mindfulness, and lifestyle. Social indicators research, 74(2), 349-368.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı istatistik, araştırma deseni SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum, Pegem Akademi.
  • Cenkseven, Ö., F., & Utkan, Ç. (2018). Bilinçli farkındalık ve algılanan stres ilişkisinde ruminasyon ve olumsuz duygu düzenlemenin aracı rolü.Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education,14(3).
  • Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Hagger, M. S. (2007). Mindfulness and the intention–behaviour relationship within the theory of planned behaviour. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 663–676.
  • Christie, A. (2017). The Meaning and Doing of Mindfulness: The Role of Values-based Behaviour in the Link Between Mindfulness and Wellbeing.
  • Christie, A. M., Atkins, P. W., & Donald, J. N. (2017). The meaning and doing of mindfulness: The role of values in the link between mindfulness and well-being. Mindfulness, 8(2), 368-378.
  • Ciesla, J. A., Reilly, L. C., Dickson, K. S., Emanuel, A. S., & Updegraff, J. A. (2012). Dispositional mindfulness moderates the effects of stress among adolescents: Rumination as a mediator. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41(6), 760-770.
  • Conversano, C., Di Giuseppe, M., Miccoli, M., Ciacchini, R., Gemignani, A., & Orrù, G. (2020). Mindfulness, age and gender as protective factors against psychological distress during Covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in psychology, 11,1900, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01900
  • Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Duggan, S. D., Hepburn, S. R., Fennell, M. J. V., & Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Changes in self-discrepancy following mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 32, 775–787.
  • Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Hargus, E., Amarasinghe, M., & Winder, R. (2010). The relationship between dispositional mindfulness and conditional goal setting in depressed patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49(3), 281-290.
  • Crane, C., Winder, R., Hargus, E., Amarasinghe, M., & Barnhofer, T. (2012). Effects of mindfulnessbased cognitive therapy on specificity of life goals. Cognitive therapy and research, 36(3), 182-189.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal Bilimler için Çok Değişkenli İstatistik SPSS ve Lisrel Uygulamaları, Pegem Akademi.
  • Dahl, J. C., Plumb, J. C., Stewart, I., & Lundgren, T. (2009). The art and science of valuing in psychotherapy: Helping clients discover, explore, and commit to valued action using acceptance and commitment therapy. New Harbinger.
  • de Shazer, S., Berg, I. K., Lipchik, E., Nunnally, E., Molnar, A., Gingerich, W., & Weiner-Davis, M. (1986). Brief therapy: Solution focused development. Family Process, 25, 207-222.
  • Desrosiers, A., Vine, V., Klemanski, D. H.,& Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013). Mindfulness and emotion regulation in depression and anxiety: Common and distinct mechanisms of action. Depression and Anxiety 30 (7), 654–661. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22124.
  • Dubey, N., Podder, P., & Pandey, D. (2020). Knowledge of COVID-19 and its influence on Mindfulness, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Psychological Flexibility in the Indian community. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.589365
  • Finkelstein-Fox, L., Pavlacic, J. M., Buchanan, E. M., Schulenberg, S. E., & Park, C. L. (2020). Valued Living in Daily Experience: Relations with Mindfulness, Meaning, Psychological Flexibility, and Stressors. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(2), 300-310.
  • Frewen, P. A., Evans, E. M. ,Maraj, N., Dozois, D. J. A., & Partridge,K. (2007) Letting go: mindfulness and negative automatic thinking. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 32, 758–774.
  • Garcia, D., Al Nima, A., & Kjell, O. N. E. (2014). The affective profiles, psychological well-being, and harmony: Environmental mastery and self-acceptance predict the sense of a harmonious life. PeerJ, 2, e259. https://doi. org/10.7717/peerj.259
  • Germer, C. (2004). What is mindfulness? Insight Journal, 22, 24- 29.
  • Grant, A. M. (2011). The Solution-Focused Inventory–A tripartite taxonomy for teaching, measuring and conceptualising solution-focused approaches to coaching. The Coaching Psychologist, 7(2), 98-106.
  • Grant, A. M., Cavanagh, M. J., Kleitman, S., Spence, G., Lakota, M., & Yu, N. (2012). Development and validation of the solution-focused inventory. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(4), 334-348.
  • Harris, R. (2009). Kabul ve Kararlılık Terapisi: Act’yi Kolay Öğrenmek. İlkeler ve Ötesi için Hızlı bir Başlangıç, Litera Yayıncılık.
  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. Guilford Press.
  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy, Second edition: The process and practice of mindful change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
  • Hayes, S. C., Levin, M. E., Plumb-Vilardaga, J., Villatte, J. L., & Pistorello, J. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy and contextual behavioral science: Examining the progress of a distinctive model of behavioral and cognitive therapy. Behavior Therapy, 44(2), 180–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. beth.2009.08.002.
  • Hick, S. F., & Bien, T. (2008). Mindfulness and the therapeutic relationship. Guilford Press. Hong, W., Liu, R. D., Ding, Y., Fu, X., Zhen, R., & Sheng, X. (2020). Social media exposure and college students’ mental health during the outbreak of CoViD-19: the mediating role of rumination and the moderating role of mindfulness. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 0(0), 1-6. http://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0387
  • Hinterman, C., Burns, L., Hopwood, D.,& Rogers, W. (2012). Mindfulness: Seeking a more perfect approach to coping with life’s challenges. Mindfulness 3, 275–281. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s12671- 012-0091-8.
  • Kaplaner, K. (2019). Spirituality in the context of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 4, 351–358.
  • Karahan-Şanal, F., & Hamarta, E. (2015). Çözüm odaklı envanter: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Ilköğretim Online, 14 (2), 757-769.
  • Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31,1041–1056.
  • Kingston, J., Becker, L., Woeginger, J., & Ellett, L. (2020). A randomised trial comparing a brief online delivery of mindfulness-plus-values versus values only for symptoms of depression: Does baseline severity matter? Journal of Affective Disorders, 276 (2020), 936-944.
  • Krafft, J., Hicks, E. T., Mack, S. A., & Levin, M. E. (2019). Psychological inflexibility predicts suicidality over time in college students. Suicide and Life–Threatening Behavior, 49(5), 1488-1496.
  • Kroon, B., Menting, C., & van Woerkom, M. (2015). Why Mindfulness Sustains Performance: The Role of Personal and Job Resources. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8, 638-642.
  • Kul, A., Demir, R., & Katmer, A. N. (2020). Covid-19 salgını döneminde psikolojik sağlamlığın yordayıcısı olarak yaşam anlamı ve kaygı. Turkish Studies, 15(6), 695-719. https://dx.doi. org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44419
  • Landi, G., Pakenham, K. I., Boccolini, G., Grandi, S., & Tossani, E. (2020). Health Anxiety and Mental Health Outcome During COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of Psychological Flexibility. Frontier Psychology, 11(2195), 1-14. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02195
  • Lakey, C. E., Campbell, W. K., Brown, K. W., & Goodie, A. S. (2007). Dispositional mindfulness as a predictor of the severity of gambling outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1698–1710.
  • Lin, C. Y. (2020). Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Social Health and Behavior, 3(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.4103/SHB.SHB_11_20.
  • McCracken, L. M., & Velleman, S. C. (2010). Psychological flexibility in adults with chronic pain: a study of acceptance, mindfulness, and values-based action in primary care. Pain, 148(1), 141-147.
  • McCracken, L. M., & Keogh, E. (2009). Acceptance, mindfulness, and values-based action may counteract fear and avoidance of emotions in chronic pain: an analysis of anxiety sensitivity. The Journal of Pain, 10(4), 408-415.
  • McCracken, L. M., & Yang, S. Y. (2008). A contextual cognitive-behavioral analysis of rehabilitation workers’ health and well-being: Influences of acceptance, mindfulness, and values-based action. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53(4), 479.
  • Moran, D. J., & Ming, S. (2020). The mindful action plan: Using the MAP to apply acceptance and commitment therapy to productivity and self-compassion for behavior analysts. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00441-y
  • Neff, K. (2003). Self-compassion: an alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101.
  • Ornell, F., Schuch, J., B., Sordi, A., O., & Kessler, F., H., P. (2020). “Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: Mental health burden and strategies. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(3), 232-235.
  • Pakenham, K. I., Landi, G., Boccolini, G., Furlani, A., Grandi, S., &Tossani, E. (2020). The moderating roles of psychological flexibility and inflexibility on the mental health impacts of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown in Italy. J. Contextual Behav. Sci. 17, 109–118. https://doi. org/ 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.003
  • Polizzi, C., Lynn, S. J., Perry, A. (2020). Stress and Coping in the Time of COVID-19: Pathways to Resilience and Recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17 (2), 59-62. https://doi.org/10.36131/ CN20200204
  • Rodriguez, J. L. (2017). Difference that creates differences: Integrating solution-focused therapy and mindfulness for co-occurring disorders [Doctoral dissertation], Barry University. Sarıçalı, M. & Satıcı, S. A. (2017). Bilinçli Farkındalık ile Psikolojik Kırılganlık İlişkisinde Utangaçlığın Aracı Rolü, Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10 (1), 655-670.
  • Saricali, M., Satici, S. A., Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Fear of COVID-19, mindfulness, humor, and hopelessness: a multiple mediation analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00419-5
  • Schimmenti, A., Billieux, J., & Starcevic, V. (2020). The four horsemen of fear: An integrated model of understanding fear experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 41-45.
  • Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach for preventing relapse. Guilford Press.
  • Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of clinical psychology, 62(3), 373-386.
  • Siegel, R. D. (2009). The mindfulness solution: Everyday practices for everyday problems. Guilford Press.
  • Smout, M., Davies, M., Burns, N., & Christie, A. M. (2014). Development of the valuing questionnaire. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3 (3), 164-172.
  • Strick, M., & Papies, E. K. (2017). A brief mindfulness exercise promotes the correspondence between the implicit affiliation motive and goal setting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(5), 623-637.
  • Sweeny, K., Howell, J. L. (2017). Bracing later and coping better: Benefits of mindfulness during a stressful waiting period. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(10):1399–414. pmid:28918715
  • Sweeny, K., Rankin, K., Cheng, X., Hou, L., Long, F., Meng, Y., & Zhang, W. (2020). Flow in the time of COVID-19: Findings from China. PloS one, 15(11), 1-12 https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0242043
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
  • Takagi, G., Wakashima, K., Kozuka, T., Yu, K. R., & Sato, K. (2019). The Development of the Revised Version of Solution Building Inventory Japanese version. International Journal of Brief Therapy and Family Science, 9(1), 1-7.
  • Tatlılıoğlu, K. & Deniz, M. E. (2011). Farklı öz-anlayış düzeylerine sahip üniversite öğrencilerinin karar vermede öz-saygı, karar verme stilleri ve kişilik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(2), 19-41.
  • Thompson, B., L. & Waltz, J. (2007). Everyday mindfulness and mindfulness meditation: overlapping constructs or not? Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1875–1885.
  • Uygur, A., E. (2016). Değerler Sisteminin(Dini Başa Çıkma, Affedicilik ve Emmons Şükür Ölçekleri Açısından) Anksiyete Duyarlılığı Üzerindeki Yordayıcı Etkisi: Metakognisyonların Aracı Rolü. Üsküdar Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü,İstanbul.
  • Ülev, E. (2014). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Bilinçli Farkındalık Düzeyi ile Stresle Başa Çıkma Tarzının Depresyon, Kaygı ve Stres Belirtileriyle İlişkisi, [Yüksek Lisans Tezi], Ankara.
  • Waterschoot, J., Van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Morbée, S., Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2021). “How to unlock myself from boredom?” The role of mindfulness and a dual awarenessand action-oriented pathway during the COVID-19 lockdown. Personality and Individual Differences, 175 (110729), 1-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110729.
  • Weick, K. E., & Putnam, T. (2006). Organizing for mindfulness: Eastern wisdom and Western knowledge. Journal of Management Inquiry, 15, 275–287.
  • Westen, D. (1999). Psychology: Mind, brain, and culture. (Secon Edition). John Wiley And Sons. Williams, J. M. G., Russell, I. G., & Russell, D. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: Further issues in current evidence and future research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 524–529.
  • Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Mindfulness, depression and modes of mind. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 721–733.
  • Williams, J. M. G., Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (2007). The mindful way through depression: Freeing yourself from chronic unhappiness. Guilford Press.
  • Wilson, K. G., & DuFrene, T. (2009). Mindfulness for two: An acceptance and commitment therapy approach to mindfulness in psychotherapy. New Harbinger.
  • Wilson, K. G., & Sandoz, E. K. (2008). Mindfulness, values, and the therapeutic relationship in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Mindfulness and the therapeutic relationship, 89-106.
  • Vilardaga, R., Luoma, J. B., Hayes, S. C., Pistorello, J., Levin, M. E., Hildebrandt, M. J. & Bond, F. (2011). Burnout among the addiction counseling workforce: The differential roles of mindfulness and values-based processes and work-site factors. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 40(4), 323-335.
  • Yavuz, K. F. (2015). Kabul ve kararlılık terapisi (ACT): Genel bir bakış. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Psychiatry Special Topics, 8(2), 21-27.
  • Yip, P. S. F., & Chau, P. H. (2020). Physical distancing and emotional closeness amidst COVID-19. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000710, 41, 153, 155.
  • Yu, M., Zhou, H., Xu, H., & Zhou, H. (2021). Chinese adolescents’ mindfulness and internalizing symptoms: The mediating role of rumination and acceptance. Journal of Affective Disorders, 280, 97-104.
  • Zümbül, S. (2019). Öğretmen adaylarının psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerinde bilinçli farkındalık ve affetmenin yordayıcı rolleri. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 20(1), 20-36.