Hollanda Göçmen Entegrasyonu Politikaları: Liberalizmden Neoliberalizme

Bu makalenin amacı, sosyal politika konusu olan göçmen entegrasyonunu Hollanda üzerinden incelemek ve göçmen politikalarının zaman içindeki değişimini açıklamaktır. Hollanda entegrasyon politikaları hakkında, 1970’lerden bu yana yapısal ve sosyo-kültürel boyutlarda ikincil kaynaklar ve Hollanda entegrasyon raporları çerçevesinde değerlendirme yapılmaktadır. 1970’lerde göçmenlerin kalıcılığını fark etmeyen Hollanda devleti, anadillerini, dini ve kültürel aidiyetlerini muhafaza etmelerini sağlamaya dönük politika benimsemiştir. 1980’lerde izlenen ve “çokkültürcü” olarak tanımlanan Etnik Azınlık Politikası, göçmen entegrasyonuna grup odaklı yaklaşmış; konuyu sosyal politika altında değerlendirmiştir. 1990’larda bu yaklaşım, devlete getirdiği ekonomik yük gerekçesiyle terk edilmiştir. Göçmenden sosyo-ekonomik alanda toplumsal hayata ve kurumlara bireysel katılım beklenmiştir. Göçmen entegrasyonunda sosyal politikalardan istihdam politikalarına değişim başlamıştır. 2000’lerde göçmen politikalarında güvenlik eksenli bakış açısı benimsenmiştir. İslam ve Müslüman göçmenler, Hollanda toplumuna ve değerlerine tehdit olarak görülmüş, entegrasyonda kültürel asimilasyon beklentisi yansıtılmıştır. Makale, Hollanda göçmen entegrasyon politikalarında zaman içerisinde çok kültürcülükten asimilasyonist bakış açısına, gruptan birey odaklı yaklaşıma, hak ve fırsattan sorumluluk ve ödev temelli anlayışa, refah devleti politikalarından istihdam politikası perspektifine ve liberal politikalardan neoliberal paternalistik politikalara değişim yaşandığını savunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Hollanda, entegrasyon, sosyal politika, göçmen politikaları

PDF

___

Andersen, U. (1990). Consultative Institutions for Migrant Workers. The Politcal Rights of Migrant Workers in Western Europe. (Editör: Zig Layton-Henry). London: Sage Publications. 113-126.
Arts, H. ve Nabha, A. Education in the Netherlands: Segregation in a "Tolerant" Society. [http://www.humanityinaction.org/knowledgebase/6-education-in-the-netherlands-segregation-in-a-tolerant-society] (Erişim: 18 Aralık 2018).
Böcker, A. (2000). Paving the Way to a Better Future: Turks in the Netherlands. Immigrant Integration: Dutch Case (Editörler: Hans Vermeulen, ve Rinus Penninx). Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. 153-177.
Brubaker, R. (2001). The Return of Assimilation? Changing Perspectives on Immigration on Equals and Its Sequals in France, Germany and the United States. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 24(4). 531-548. doi:10.1080/01419870120049770
de Heer, J.-C. (2004). The Concept of Integration in Converging Dutch Minority and Migration Policies. IMIS-Beiträge. 24. 177-188.
de Vries, K. (2013). Integration at the Border: The Dutch Act on Integration Abroad and International Immigration Law. Oxford and Oartland, Oregon: Hart Publishing.
Doomernik, J. (1998). The Effectiveness of Integration Policies towards Immigrants and Their Descendants in France, Germany and the Netherlands. Geneva: International Labour Organisation: International Migraton Papers.
Duyvendak, J. W., ve Scholten, P. W. (2011). Beyond the Dutch "Multicultural Model": The Coproduction of Integration Policy Frames in the Netherlands. International Migration and Integration. 12. 331-348. doi:10.1007/s12134-010-0161-5
ECRI. (2013). ECRI Report on the Netherlands. Strasbourgh: ECRI.
Engbersen, G. (2003). Spheres of Integration:Towards a Differentiated and Reflexive Ethnic Minority Policy. Identity and Integration: Migrants in Western Europe (Editörler: Rosemarie Sackmann, Bernhard Peters ve Thomas Faist). Aldershot/Burlington: Ashgate. 59-76.
Entzinger, H. (1985). The Netherlands. European Immigration Policy: A Comparative Study (Editör: Tomas Hammar). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 50-88.
Entzinger, H. (2000). The Dynamics of Integration Policies: A Multidimensional Model. Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics: Comparative European Perspective (Editörler: Ruud Koopmans ve Paul Statham). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 97-118.
Entzinger, H. (2003). The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism: The Case of the Netherlands. Toward Assimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation-States (Editörler: Christian Joppke ve Ewa Morawaska). Basinstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 59-86.
Entzinger, H. (2006). Changing the Rules While the Game is on: From Multiculturalism to Assimilation in the Netherlands. Migration, Citizenship, Ethnos: Incorporation Regimes in Germany, Western Europe and North America (Editörler: Michal Bodemann ve Gökçe Yurdakul). New York: Palgrave MacMillan. 121–144.
Entzinger, H. (2014). The Growing Gap Between Facts and Discourse on Immigrant Integration in the Netherlands. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power. 21(6). 693-707. doi:10.1080/1070289X.2013.828616
Erdal, M. B., ve Oeppen, C. (2013). Migrant Balancing Acts: Understanding the Interactions Between Integration and Transnationalism. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 39(6). 867-884. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2013.765647
Favell, A. (2001). Integration Policy and Integration Research in Europe: A Review and Critique. Citizenship Today: Global Perspectives and Practices (Editörler: Thomas Alexander Aleinikoff ve Douglas B. Klusmeyer). Washington: Brookings Institutions. 349-399.
Geschiere, P. (2009). The Perils of Belonging : Autochthony, Citizenship, and Exclusion in Africa and Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ghaly, M. M. (2008). The Academic Training of Imams: Recent Discussions and Initiative in the Netherlands'. The Study of Religion and the Training of Muslim Clergy in Europe (Editörler: Willem. B. Drees, ve Pieter Sjoerd van Koningsveld). Leiden: Leiden University Press. 369-402.
Gordon, M. (1964). Assimilation in American Life. New York: Oxford University Press.
Heckmann, F. (2006). Integration and Integration Policies: IMISCOE Network Feasibility Study. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Hollifield, J. F. (2004). The Emerging Migration State. International Migration Review, 38(3), 885-912. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00223.x
Houtzager, D., ve Rodrigues, P. R. (2002). Migrants, Minorities and Employment in the Netherlands: Exclusion, Discrimination and Anti-Discrimination. Vienna: European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC).
Isajiw, W. W. (1997). On the Concept and Theory of Social Incorporation. Multiculturalism in North America and Europe: Comparative Perspectives on Interethnic Relations and Social Incorporation (Editörler: Wsevolod. W. Isajiw ve Tanuja Perera). Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press. 79-102.
Kaya, A. (2009). Islam, Migration and Integration: The Age of Securitization. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kolbaşı-Muyan, G. (2018). Göçmen Politikaları: Almanya, Hollanda ve Fransa Özelinde Göçmen Politikalarının Karşılaştırması. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
Lacroix, C. (2010). Immigrants, Literature and National Integration. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
McDonald, C., ve Marston, G. (2005). Workfare as welfare: governing unemployment in the advanced liberal state. Critical Social Policy. 25(3). 374-401. doi:10.1177/0261018305054077
Penninx, R., Garces-Mascarenas, B., ve Scholten, P. (2005). Policymaking Related to Immigration and Integration: A Review of Literature of the Dutch Case. Amsterdam: University of Amserdam.
Schedler , P., ve Glastra, F. (2000). Adult Education Between Cultural Assimilation and Structural Integration. Settlement Programmes for "newcomers" in the Netherlands. Compare. 30(1). 53-66. doi:10.1080/030579200109851
Scheffer, P. (2011). Immigrant Nations. Cambridge: Polity.
Scholten, P. (2011). Constructing Dutch Immigrant Policy: Research–Policy Relations and Immigrant Integration Policy-Making in the Netherlands. British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 13, 75–92. doi:10.1111/j.1467-856X.2010.00440.x
Schriemer, R. (2004). Analytical Report on Education: National Focal Point for the Netherlands. Leiden: European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC).
Schuh, C. (2015). Islam and Dutch Contestations Over Secularity. After Integration Islam, Conviviality and Contentious Politics in Europe (Editörler: M. Burchardt, ve I. Michalowski). Weisbaden: Springer. 205-229.
Spencer, S. (2011). The Migration Debate. Bristol: Policy Press.
Suverierol, S. (2015). Creating Citizen Workers through Civic Integration. Journal of Social Policy. 44(4). 707-727. doi:10.1017/S0047279415000203 van Amersfoort, H. ve Niekerk, M. V. (2006). Immigration as a Colonial Inheritance: Post-Colonial Immigrants in the Netherlands 1945-2002. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 32(3). 323-346. doi:10.1080/13691830600555210
van Amersfoort, H. ve Surie, B. (1987). Reluctant Hosts: Immigration into Dutch Society 1970-1985. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 10 (2). 169-185. doi:10.1080/01419870.1987.9993563
van Ours, J. C. ve Veenman, J. (2003). The Educational Attainment of Second-Generation Immigrants in the Netherlands. Population Economics. 16. 730-753. doi:10.1007/s00148-003-0147-0
van Ours, J. C. ve Veenman, J. (2005). The Netherlands: Old Emigrants - Young Immigrant Country. European Migration: What do We Know? (Editör: K. Faus Zimmermann). New York: Oxford University Press. 173-196.
van Ysselt, P. (2015). Public Funding of Religious Organizations in the Netherlands. Public Funding of Religions in Europe (Editör: Francis Messner). Surrey: Ashgate. 23-50.
Vasta, E. (2007). From Ethnic Minorities to Ethnic Majority Policy: Multiculturalism and the Shift to Assimilationism in the Netherlands. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 30(5). 713-740. doi: 10.1080/01419870701491770
Vermeulen, H., ve Penninx, R. (2000). Introduction. Immigrant Integration: The Dutch Case (Editörler: Hans Vermeulen ve Rinus Penninx). Amsteredam: Het Spinhuis. 1-35.
Vink, M. P. (2007). Dutch ‘Multiculturalism’ Beyond the Pillarisation Myth. Political Studies Review. 5. 337–350. doi:10.1111/j.1478-9299.2007.00134.x
Wright, M. ve Goodman Wallace, S. (2016). Social Policy and Immigrant Integration. Oxford Bibliographies in Political Science. (Editör: Sandy Maisel) New York: Oxford University Press.
Yağmur, K. (2010). Batı Avrupa’da Uygulanan Dil Politikaları Kapsamında Türkçe Öğretiminin Değerlendirilmesi. Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi - Bilig(55). 221-242.