A Study into the Relationship Between Whistleblowing, Organizational Commitment and Personal Ethical Values: Hirschman’s Exit, Voice and Loyalty in Tourism

Presently, unethical practices are a major concern in almost every sector. Among these industries is tourism. Requiring large expenditure of labor in particular is one of the causes underlying frequently observed unethical practices. The efforts to prevent such issues are of the utmost value for the sector’s long range sustainability, productivity, and economic contributions. The aim of this study is to discuss the results of the tourism employees with ethical values and high organizational commitment to disclose or not to disclose unethical practices in the enterprise within the framework of Hirschman's Exit, Voice and Loyalty theory and to enhance the understanding the consequences of whistleblowing. Under normal circumstances, an employee with serious ethical concerns and strong organizational commitment is expected not to remain silent about any unethical behavior. However, individuals are not frequently taken actions. From time to time, an employee may choose to take no action and ignore unethical behaviors. They may think that these misconducts will disappear or leave the organization in the belief that nothing in the organization will change nor will be as it should be. In this sense, in the study, the relationship between whistleblowing, personal ethical values and organizational commitment has been conceptually discussed and evaluated in terms of the tourism industry within the framework of Hirschman's Theory.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Bilgi ifşası, Örgütsel Bağlılık, Bireysel Etik Değerler, Hirshman Modeli

A Study into the Relationship Between Whistleblowing, Organizational Commitment and Personal Ethical Values: Hirschman’s Exit, Voice and Loyalty in Tourism

Keywords:

Whistleblowing, Organizational Commitment, Personal Ethical Values, Hirchman's Model,

PDF

___

Alleyne, P. (2016). The influence of Organisational Commitment and Corporate Ethical Values on Non-Public Accountants’ Whistle-Blowing Intentions in Barbados. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 190-210.
Ameer, I., & Halinen, A. (2019). Moving Beyond Ethical Decision-Making: A Practice-Based View to Study Unethical Sales Behavior. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 103-122.
Avcı, N., & Küçükusta, D. (2009). Konaklama İşletmelerinde Örgütsel Öğrenme, Örgütsel Bağlılık ve İşten Ayrılma Eğilimi Arasındaki İlişki. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 33-44.
Baker, T. L., Hunt, T. G., & Andrews, M. C. (2006). Promoting Ethical Behavior and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: The Influence of Corporate Ethical Values. Journal of Business Research, 849-857.
Bashir, S., Khattak, H. R., Hanif, A., & Chohan, S. N. (2011). Whistle-Blowing in Public Sector Organizations: Evidence From Pakistan. The American Review of Public Administration, 285-296.
Biron, M. (2010). Negative Reciprocity and the Association between Perceived Organizational Ethical Values and Organizational Deviance . Human Relations, 875-897.
Blau, A. (2009). Hobbes on Corruption. History of Political Thought, 596-616.
Bock, T. D., Vermeir, I., & Kenhove, P. V. (2013). What's the Harm in Being Unethical? These Strangers are Rich Anyway!" Exploring Underlying Factors of Double Standards. Journal of Business Ethics, 225-240.
Campbell, J.-L., & Göritz, A. S. (2014). Culture Corrupts! A Qualitative Study of Organizational Culture in Corrupt Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 291-311.
Carbone, M. (2005). Sustainable Tourism in Developing Countries: Poverty Alleviation, Participatory Planning, and Ethical Issues. The European Journal of Development Research, 559-565.
Chen, C.-P., & Lai, C.-T. (2014). To Blow or not to Blow the Whistle: The Effects of Potential Harm, Social Pressure and Organisational Commitment on Whistleblowing Intention and Behavior. Business Ethics: A European Review, 327-342.
Chiu, R. K. (2003). Ethical Judgment and Whistleblowing Intention: Examining the Moderating Role of Locus of Control. Journal of Business Ethics, 65-74.
Cohen, A. (2009). A Value Based Perspective on Commitment in the Workplace: An Examination of Schwartz’s Basic Human Values Theory Among Bank Employees in Israel. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 332-345.
Culiberg, B., & Mihelic, K. K. (2017). The Evolution of Whistleblowing Studies: A Critical Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Business Ethics, 787-803.
Das, J., & Dirienzo, C. (2016). Tourism Competitiveness and Corruption: A Cross-country Analysis. Tourism Economics, 477-492.
Decety, J., & Cowell, J. M. (2014). The Complex Relation between morality and Empathy . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 337-339.
Demirtaş, Ö. (2014). İşyerlerinde Olumsuz Durumları İfşa Etmenin Etik İklim Üzerindeki Etkisi: Yıldırma Algısının Moderatör Rolü. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 136- 156.
Dewi, N. A., Sujana, E., & Wiguna, I. G. (2020). The Effect of Identity Protection and Financial Reward on Whistleblowing Intention in Public Sector Organization: Experimental Study. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 37-49.
Dhar, R. L. (2015). Service Quality and the Training of Employees: The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment. Tourism Management, 419-430.
Dimitriou, C. K. (2017). The Quest for a Practical Approach to Morality and The Tourism Industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45-51.
Dobel, J. P. (1978). The Corruption of a State. The American Political Science Review, 958-973.
Doig, A., & Theobald, R. (1999). Introduction: Why corruption? Commonwealth Comparative Politics, 1-12.
Donyadide, A. (2010). Ethics in Tourism . European Journal of Social Sciences, 426-433.
Dungan, J., Waytz, A., & Young, L. (2014). Corruption in the Context of Moral Trade-offs. Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics, 97-118.
Dworkin, T. M., & Near, J. P. (1997). A Better Statutory Approach to Whistle-Blowing. Business Ethics Quarterly, 1-16.
Enea, C. (2007). The Tourism Industry of Ethics and Tourism. Management and Marketing Craiova, 166-170.
Ergün, N. (2009). Örgütlerde Etik Dışı Davranışların Nedenleri ve Çalışanlara Yönelik Etik Dışı Davranışların Havayolu Taşımacılığı Sektörü Açısından İncelenmesi. İş, Güç, Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 149-168.
Farrell, D. (1983). Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect as Responses to Job Dissatisfaction: A Multidimensional Scaling Study. The Academy of Management Journal, 596-607.
Gildenhuys, J. S. H. (2004). Ethics and Professionalism: The Battle Against Public Corruption. Stellenbosch: Sun Press.
Gino, F., Schweitzer, M. E., Mead, N. L., & Ariely, D. (2011). Unable to Resist Temptation: How Self-control Depletion Promotes Unethical Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 191-203.
Gong, T. (2000). Whistleblowing: What does It Mean in China? International Journal of Public Administration, 1899-1923.
Graham, J. W., & Keeley, M. (1992). Hirschman's Loyalty Construct . Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 191-200.
Guler, E. G., & Yukselen, C. (2010). Hotel Employees' Belief on Unethical Behavior. Social Responsibility Journal, 252-267.
Guzeller, C. O., & Celiker, N. (2020). Examining the Relationship Between Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intention Via a Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Culture Tourism and Hospitality , 102-120.
Günay, G. Y., & Özyurt, B. (2020). Can Whistleblowing Be a Solution to Unethical Behaviors in the Tourism Industry? Ş. Aydın, B. B. Dedeoğlu, & Ö. Çoban içinde, Organizational Behavior Challenges in the Tourism Industry (s. 227-248). Hershey: IGI Global.
Günel, Ö. D. (2009). Turizm Sektöründe Mevsimsellik Sorunu ve Mevsimlik İstihdamın Sektör Çalışanlarının Örgütsel Bağlılıklarına Etkisi: Konaklama İşletmeleri Çalışanlarına Yönelik Bir Araştırma. İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Gürlek, M. (2020). How Does Work Overload Affect Unethical Behaviors? The Mediating Role of Pay Dissatisfaction. İş Ahlakı Dergisi, 68-78.
Hall, D., & Brown, F. (2008). The Tourism Industry’s Welfare Responsibilities: An Adequate Response? Tourism Recreation Research, 213-218.
Heese, J., & Perez-Cavazos, G. (2021). The Effect of Retaliation Costs on Employee Whistleblowing. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1-19.
Henik, E. (2015). Understanding Whistle-blowing: A Set-theoretic Approach. Journal of Business Research, 442-450.
Hersh, M. A. (2002). Whistleblowers - Heroes or Traitors? Individual and Collective Responsibility for Ethical Behaviours. Annual Reviews in Control, 243-262.
Hessling, V., Åsberg, M., & Roxenha, T. (2018). Relationship Commitment and Value Creation in Sponsorship Relationships. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 137-160.
Hirschmann, A. O. (1970). Exit, Voice and Loyalty Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States. London: Harvard University Press.
Hoffmann, E. A. (2006). Exit and Voice: Organizational Loyalty and Dispute Resolution Strategies. Social Forces, 2313-2330.
Holden, A. (2003). In Need of New Environmental Ethics for Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 94-108.
Hudson, S., & Miller, G. (2006). Knowing the Difference Between Right and Wrong. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 41-59.
Hunt, S. D., Wood, V. R., & Chonko, L. B. (1989). Corporate Ethical Values and Organizational Commitment in Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 79-90.
Hüttl, T., & Lederer, S. (2013). Whistleblowing in Central Europe. Public Integrity, 283-306.
Jubb, P. B. (1999). Whistleblowing: A Restrictive Definition and Interpretation . Journal of Business Ethics 2, 77-94.
Kassing, J. W. (1997). Articulating, Antagonizing, and Displacing: A Model of Employee Dissent. Communication Studies, 311-332.
Keating, B. (2008). Managing Ethics in the Tourism Supply Chain: The Case of Chinese Travel to Australia. International Journal of Tourism Research, 403-408.
Keeley, M., & Graham, J. W. (1991). Exit, Voice, and Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 349-355.
Kenny, K. (2019). Whistleblowing: Toward a New Theory . Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Kenny, K., Fotaki, M., & Vandekerckhove, W. (2020). Whistleblower Subjectivities: Organization and Passionate Attachment. Organization Studies, 323-343.
Kim, N. Y., & Miller, G. (2008). Perceptions of the Ethical Climate in the Korean Tourism Industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 941-954.
King, B., Dwyer, L., & Prideaux, B. (2006). An Evaluation of Unethical Business Practices in Australia’s China Inbound Tourism Market. International Journal of Tourism Research, 127-142.
Klerk, J. J. (2017). “The Devil Made Me Do It!” An Inquiry Into the Unconscious “Devils Within” of Rationalized Corruption. Journal of Management Inquiry, 254-269.
Kluver, J., Frazier, R., & Haidt, J. (2014). Behavioral Ethics for Homo economicus, Homo heuristicus, and Homo duplex. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 150-158.
Köksal, K., Kara, A. U., & Meydan, C. H. (2018). Etik İlkeler Bağlamında Kişi Örgüt Uyumunun Örgütsel Ortamda Sessizlik Davranışına Etkisi. Ömer Halis Demir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1-9.
Kuruüzüm, A., Çetin, E. İ., & Irmak, S. (2008). Path Analysis of Organizational Commitment, Job Involvement and Job Satisfaction in Turkish Hospitality Industry. Tourism Review, 4-16.
Kusluvan, S. (2003). Managing Employee Attitudes and Behaviors in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry. New York: Nova Science.
Lampe, M. (2012). Science, Human Nature, and a New Paradigm for Ethics Education. Sci Eng Ethics, 543-549.
Lee, L. Y.-S., & Tsang, N. K. (2013). Perceptions of Tourism and Hotel Management Students on Ethics in the Workplace. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 228-250.
Liao, S.-H., Hu, D.-C., & Chung, H.-Y. (2009). The Relationship between Leader-member Relations, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in International Tourist Hotels in Taiwan. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1810-1826.
Liu, S.-m., Liao, J.-q., & Wei, H. (2015). Authentic Leadership and Whistleblowing: Mediating Roles of Psychological Safety and Personal Identification. Journal of Business Ethics, 107-119.
Liu, Y., Zhang, R., & Yao, Y. (2021). How Tourist Power in Social Media Affects Tourism Market Regulation After Unethical Incidents: Evidence from China. Annals of Tourism Research, 1-13.
Lobel, O. (2009). Citizenship, Organizational Citizenship, and the Laws of Overlapping Obligations. California Law Review, 433-499.
Malin, M. H. (1983). Protecting the Whistleblower from Retaliatory Discharge. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 277-318.
March, R. (2008). Towards a Conceptualization of Unethical Marketing Practices in Tourism: a Case‐Study of Australia's Inbound Chinese Travel Market . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 285-296.
Mcdonald, J. (2015). The Role of Ethics on Tourist Destination Image Formation : An Analysis of the French Student Travel Market. Nice: Université Nice Sophia Antipolis.
McKercher, B., Weber, K., & Cros, H. d. (2008). Rationalising Inappropriate Behaviour at Contested Sites. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 369-385.
Mehmetoglu, M., Hines, K., Graumann, C., & Greibrokk, J. (2010). The Relationship between Personal Values and Tourism Behaviour: A Segmentation Approach. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 17-27.
Moore, L., & McAuliffe, E. (2010). Is Inadequate Response to Whistleblowing Perpetuating a Culture of Silence in Hospitals? Clinical Governance: An International Journal, 166-178.
Moorhouse, T., D'Cruze, N. C., & Macdonald, D. W. (2017). Unethical Use of Wildlife in Tourism: What's the problem, Who is Responsible, and What can Be Done? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 505-516.
Naus, F., Iterson, A. v., & Roe, R. (2007). Organizational Cynicism: Extending the Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect Model of Employees’ Responses to Adverse Conditions in the Workplace. Human Relations, 683-718.
Near, J. P., & Miceli, M. P. (1985). Organizational Dissidence: The Case of Whistle-Blowing. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-16.
Ntayi, J. M., Ngoboka, P., & Kakooza, C. S. (2013). Moral Schemas and Corruption in Ugandan Public Procurement. Journal of Business Ethics, 417-436.
Nuyen, A. (1999). The Value of Loyalty. Phiiosophicai Papers , 25-36.
Nwanji, T. I., & Howell, K. E. (2007). Shareholdership, Stakeholdership and the Modern Global Business Environment: A Survey of the Literature. The Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics, 347-361.
OECD. (2017). The Detection of Foreign Bribery: The Role of Whistleblowers and Whistleblower Protection. Paris: OECD.
Park, H., Blenkinsopp, J., & Park, M. (2014). The Influence of an Observer’s Value Orientation and Personality Type on Attitudes Toward Whistleblowing. Journal of Business Ethics, 121-129.
Paul, R. J., & Townsend, J. B. (1996). Don't Kill the Messenger! Whistle-Blowing in America-A Review with Recommendations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 149-161.
Payne, D., & Dimanche, F. (1996). Towards a Code of Conduct for the Tourism Industry: An Ethics Model . Journal of Business Ethics, 997-1007.
PeopleBuilders. (2022, Mart 21). PeopleBuilders. PeopleBuilders: https://www.peoplebuilders.com.au/blog/commitment adresinden alınmıştır
Poprawe, M. (2015). A Panel Data Analysis of the Effect of Corruption on Tourism. Applied Economics, 2399-2412.
Randall, D. M. (1987). Commitment and the Organization: The Organization Man Revisited. Academy o/ManogremenI Review, 460-471.
Robson, J., & Robson, l. (1996). From Shareholders to Stakeholders: Critical Issues for Tourism Marketers . Tourism Management, 533-540.
Rusbult, C. E., Farrell, D., Rogers, G., & Mainous, A. G. (1988). Impact of Exchange Variables on Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect: An Integrative Model of Responses to Declining Job Satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 599-627.
Rusbult, C. E., Zembrodt, I. M., & Gunn, L. K. (1982). Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect: Responses to Dissatisfaction in Romantic Involvements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1230-1242.
Saha, S., & Yap, G. (2015). Corruption and Tourism: An Empirical Investigation in a Non-linear Framework. International Journal of Tourism Research, 272-281.
Santana, G. (2004). Crisis Management and Tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 299-321.
Saunders, D. M. (1992). Introduction to Research on Hirschman's Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Model . Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 187-190.
Schultz, D., & Harutyunyan, K. (2015). Combating Corruption: The Development of Whistleblowing Laws in the United States, Europe, and Armenia. International Comparative Jurisprudence, 87-97.
Sharma, N. (2020). Dark Tourism and Moral Disengagement in Liminal Spaces. Tourism Geographies, 273-297.
Sims, R. L. (2009). Collective Versus Individualist National Cultures: Comparing Taiwan and U.S. Employee Attitudes Toward Unethical Business Practices. Business & Society, 39-59.
Smagulova, A., Shegebayev, M., Garkavenko, V., & Boolaky, M. (2009). Ethical Practices & Social Responsibility of Kazakhstani Tourism Business: A Pilot Study in the Tour Operator Sector. Central Asia Business Journal, 12-23.
Somers, M. J., & Casal, J. C. (1994). Organizational Commitment and Whistleblowing: The Test of the Reformer and the Organization Man Hypotheses. Group & Organization Management, 270-284.
Suamba, I. B. (2020). Indigenous Ethics in Tourism Education: Bali as a Case. Asian EFL Journal , 4-19.
Suar, D., & Khuntia, R. (2010). Influence of Personal Values and Value Congruence on Unethical Practices and Work Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics , 443-460.
Swiatek-Barylska, I. (2013). Whistleblowing as a Symptom of Employee Loyalty - Polish Perspective. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 49-57.
Şahin, B. (2014). Seyahat Acentası Çalışanlarında Örgütsel Stresin Örgütsel Bağlılıkla İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma: İstanbul Örneği . Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 193-210.
Tao, M., Takagi, H., İshida, M., & Masuda, K. (1998). A Study of Antecedents of Organizational Coomitment. Japanese Psychological Research, 198-205.
Tepelus, C. M. (2008). Social Responsibility and Innovation on Trafficking and Child Sex Tourism: Morphing of Practice Into Sustainable Tourism Policies? . Tourism and Hospitality Research, 98-115.
The U.S. Merit System Protection Board . (1981). Blowing the Whistle on Fraud, Waste and Mismanagement - Whos does it and What Happens. Washington: The U.S. Merit System Protection Board .
Tolkach, D., Pratt, S., & Zeng, C. Y. (2017). Ethics of Chinese & Western tourists in Hong Kong. Annals of Tourism Research, 83-96.
Tudu, P. N., & Pathak, P. (2014). Growing Corruption Is Whistle Blowing the Answer. Management and Labour Studies, 208-218.
Uys, T. (2008). Rational Loyalty and Whistleblowing. Current Sociology, 904-921.
Vinten, G. (2000). Whistleblowing towards Disaster Prevention and Management. Disaster Prevention and Management, 18-28.
Vujičić, D., Jovičić, A., Lalić, D., Gagić, S., & Cvejanov, A. (2015). The Relation Between Job Insecurity, Job satisfaction and Organizational Commitment Among Employees in the Tourism Sector in Novi Sad . Economic and Industrial Democracy, 633-652.
Watts, L. L., & Buckley, M. R. (2017). A Dual-Processing Model of Moral Whistleblowing in Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 669-683.
Weiskopf, R., & Tobias-Miersch, Y. (2016). Whistleblowing, Parrhesia and the Contestation of Truth in the Workplace. Organization Studies, 1621-1640.
Withey, M. J., & Cooper, W. H. (1989). Predicting Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect. Administrative Science Quarterly, 521-539.
WTTC. (2022, Şubat 14). World Travel and Tourism Council. World Travel and Tourism Council: https://wttc.org/Research/Economic-Impact adresinden alınmıştır
Yang, L., & Xu, R. (2020). The Effects of Retaliation on Whistleblowing Intentions in China Banking Industry. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, 215-235.
Zekos, G. I. (2004). Ethics versus Corruption in Globalization. Journal of Management Development, 631-647.
Zhang, X., & Yao, Z. (2019). Impact of Relational Leadership on Employees’ Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior: A Survey Based on Tourism Companies in Four Countries. PLoS ONE, 1-19.