THE LEAVED CROSS AND CRESCENT BENEATH THE CROSS ON BYZANTINE ANONYMOUS FOLLES: AN INTERPRETATION OF GROUPS H, I, AND J, M**
Before the years of approximately 1071-1092, the leaved cross and crescent beneath the cross appeared on Byzantine coins only in miniature size and typically as part of a scene focusing on the emperor. The motifs were generally widespread in the artwork of the provinces rather than the capital, Constantinople. Signifying death and resurrection, their appearance in the eleventh century in imperial Byzantine artwork points to influences of diverse cultures flocking to Anatolia and reflects the political and economic climate in the region. Did the increasing prominence of the leaved cross and the crescent beneath the cross in the eleventh century signal some type of agreements between the Byzantines and other new states to mint and circulate anonymous folles? While I support past theories that these folles were minted in Constantinople, some coins may have been minted in provinces and signified agreements between the empire and the new conquerors. This paper highlights the development of the leaved cross and crescent beneath the cross in Byzantine imperial art and draws attention to the non-Byzantines (e. g. Armenians, Georgians, Turks) in Anatolia in relation to the Byzantine anonymous folles (Group H, I and J, M) in eleventh-century Anatolia. Furthermore, I question whether the Byzantines might have implemented an integration policy as the Byzantine historian Michael Attaleiates put forward.
BİZANS ANONİM FOLLİSLERİNDE BİTKİSEL BEZEMELİ HAÇ VE AY ÜZERİNDE HAÇ TASVİRİ: H, I, J, M GRUBUNUN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Bizans sanatında bitki ve ay üzerinde haç motifi sikkelerde yaklaşık 1071-1092 yıllarından önce yalnızca minyatür denilecek boyutta ve tipik bir şekilde imparatora odaklanan bir sahnenin parçası olarak betimlenmiştir. Motif on birinci yüzyıldan önce başkentten ziyade ‘‘Bizans eyalet’’ sanatında yaygın görülmektedir. Ölüm ve yeniden dirilişle ilişkilendirilen motiflerin, on birinci yüzyılda sarayla bağlantılı sanatta yer almaya başlaması, Anadolu’ya akın etmiş çeşitli kültürlerin etkisini ve dönem ortamının yansımasını düşündürür. On birinci yüzyılda artış gösteren bitki ve ay bezemeli haç tasviri Bizanslılar ve yeni kurulan devletler arasında sikke basılması ve sirkülasyonu konusunda çeşitli anlaşmalara mı işarettir? Bu bağlamda anonim follislerin darp yeri konusunda Konstantinopolis monopolü görüşünü kabul etmekle birlikte, Konstantinopolis’in yanı sıra yerel darphanelerin de olabileceği ve imparatorlukla yeni fatihler arasında anlaşmalar ifade etmiş olabileceği savunulmuştur. Çalışmada, bitki ve ay üzerinde haç bezemelerinin İstanbul saray sanatında gelişimin anonim follislerle (Grup H, I ve J, M) bağına ve bu follislerin Gürcü, Ermeni ve Anadolu Türkleriyle ilişkisine dikkat çekilmiştir. Son olarak, çalışmada Bizanslıların, Attaleiates’in öne sürdüğü gibi bir entegrasyon politikası yürütmüş olabileceği tartışılmıştır.
___
Altan, E. (2018). Antakya Haçlı Prinkepsliği tarihi kuruluş devri (1098 - 1112). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay.Anna Comnena (2000). Anna Comnena the Alexiad. (E. A. S. Dawes, Trans.). Ontario: Parentheses Publications Byzantine Series Cambridge.
Attaleiates, M. (2012). The history; Michael Attaleiates. (A. Kaldellis & D. Krallis Trans.). Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. London: Harvard University Press.
Aytaç, İ. (2017). Harput iç kale kazılarında 2014-2015 sezonunda bulunan Bizans dönemi sikkeleri. Social Sciences, XII/(3), 140-153.
Aytaç, İ. (2018). Harput İç Kale kazılarında bulunan Artuklu dönemi sikkeleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Harput Araştırmaları Dergisi, V/(1), Elazığ, 29-55. doi:10.12739/NWSA.2017.12.3.3C0162
Babayar, G. (2007). Köktürk Kağanlığı sikkeleri kataloğu ; The catalogue of the coins of Turkic Qaghanate. Ankara: Türk İşbirliği Koordinasyan Ajansı Başkanlığı.
Beihammer, A. D. (2017). Byzantium and the emergence of Muslim-Turkish Anatolia, ca. 1040- 1130. New York: Routledge.
Bellinger, A. R. (1928). The anonymous Byzantine bronze coinage. Numismatic Notes and Monographs, (35), 1-27.
Bendall, S. (1977). The mint of Trebizond under Alexius I and the Gabrades. The Numismatic Chronicle (1966) Seventh Series, XVII/(137), 126-136.
Brubaker, L. (2008). Vision and meaning in ninth-century Byzantium: image as exegesis in the homilies of Gregory of Nazianzus. (First published: 1999). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Bryennios, N. (2008). Tarihin özü Niképhoros Bryennios. (Umar, B. Trans.), N. Başgelen (Ed.). İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay.
Bursalı, M. (2010). Bir merkez sembolü olarak Bizans ve Selçuklu döneminde hayat ağacı motifi. In A. Ödekan, E. Akyürek & N. Necipoğlu (Eds.), Onikinci ve onüçüncü yüzyıllarda Bizans dünyasında değişim, I. Uluslararası Sevgi Gönül Sempozyumu 25-28 Haziran 2007 Bildiriler (pp. 69-72). İstanbul: Vehbi Koç Vakfı.
Campagnolo-Pothitou, M. & Cheynet, J.-C. (2016). Sceaux de la collection George Zacos au Musée d’Art et d’Histoire de Genève. Milan: Musée d’Art et d’Histoire de Genève.
Charanis, P. (1975). Cultural diversity and the breakdown of Byzantine power in Asia Minor. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 29, 1-20. doi:10.2307/1291367
Cheynet, J.-C. (1996a). Pouvoir et contestation a Byzance (963-1210). (First Published: Sorbonne, 1990). Paris: Centre National de la recherche Scientifique et du Legs Malandrino.
Cheynet, J.-C. (1996b). Les Arméniens de l’empire en Orient de Constantin X à Alexis Comnène (1059-1081). In H. Ahrweiler & N. Garsoian (Eds.), L’Armenie et Byzance: Histoire et culture (pp. 74-84). Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.
Cheynet, J.-C. (2003). Official power and non-official power. In A. Cameron (Ed.), Fifty years of prosopography, the later Roman Empire, Byzantium and beyond (pp. 137-151). OxfordNew York: Oxford University Press.
Cheynet, J.-C. (2006). The Duchy of Antioch during the second period of Byzantine rule. In K. Ciggaar & D. M. Metcalf (Eds.), East and West in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean I: Antioch from the Byzantine reconquest until the end of the Crusader principality. Acta of the congress held at Hernen Castle in May 2003 (pp. 1-16). Leuven: Peeters.
Cheynet, J.-C. (2008). La société byzantine. L’apport des sceaux (Vols. 1-2). Paris: Association des amis du centre d’histoire et civilisation de Byzance.
Cheynet, J.-C., Gökyıldırım, T. & Bulgurlu, V. (2012). Les scaux byzantins du Musée Archéologique d’Istanbul, E. G. Erdoğan (Ed.), İstanbul: İstanbul Araştırmaları Enstitüsü.
Croke, B. (2006). Justinian, Theodora, and the church of saints Sergius and Bacchus. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 60, 25-63. Retrieved May 9, 2019, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25046210
Demirel Gökalp, Z. (2009). Yalvaç Müzesi Bizans sikkeleri. Ankara: T. C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü Yay.
Demirel Gökalp, Z. (2014). Malatya Arkeoloji Müzesi Bizans sikkeleri kataloğu. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay.
Diler, Ö. (2009). İslam darp yerleri/ Islamic mints (Vols. 1-3), E. N. Diler & J. C. Hinrichs (Eds.). İstanbul: Garo Kü.
Evans, H. C. & Wixom, W. D. (Eds.) (1997). The glory of Byzantium, art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era A.D. 843-1261. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Garland, L. & Rapp, Jr S. H. (2006). Mart’a-Maria ‘of Alania’, De Imperatoribus Romanis: An online encyclopedia of Roman rulers and their families, De Imperatoribus Romanis (DIR). Retrieved December 12, 2020, from http://www.roman-emperors.org/maryal.htm.
Garsoïan, N. G. (1998). The problem of Armenian integration into the Byzantine Empire. In H. Ahrweiler & A. Laiou (Eds.), Studies on the international diaspora of the Byzantine Empire (pp. 53-124). Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University.
Georganteli, E. & Cook, B. (2006). Encounters: travel and money in the Byzantine world. London: The Barber Institut of Fine Arts: D. Giles Ltd.
Grierson, P. (1993). Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks collection and in the Whittemore collection (2nd ed.). [Vol. 2, (1st ed. 1968) 2nd ed. 1993], [Vol. 3, (1st ed. 1973), 2nd ed. 1993], A. R. Bellinger & P. Grierson (Eds.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
Hendy, M. F. (1999). Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, volume four Alexius I to Michael VIII 1081 to 1261. A. R. Bellinger & P. Grierson (Eds.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
Hewsen, R. H. (2001). Armenia: a historical atlas. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Honigmann, E. (1970). Bizans devletinin doğu sınırı: Grekçe, arabca, süryanice ve ermenice kaynaklara göre 363'den 1071'e kadar (Işıltan, F. Trans.). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Matbaası.
Jones, L. (2001-2002). The visual expression of Bagratuni rulership: ceremonial and portraiture. Revue des Études Arméniennes, 28, 341-398. doi: 10.2143/REA.28.0.505086
Kalavrezou, I. (2011). Female popular beliefs and Maria of Alania. Journal of Turkish Studies, 36, 85-101.
Kılıç, S. (2016). Byzantine anonymous folles in the Bolu museum. Cedrus, 4, 315-339.
Lemerle, P. (1977). Cinq études sur le XIe siècle byzantine. Le Monde byzantin publié sous la direction de Paul Lemerle. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
Lowick, N. M., Bendall, S. & Whitting, P. D. (1977). The Mardin hoard, Islamic countermarks on Byzantine folles. Ringwood, Hampshire: A. H. Baldwin & Sons Ltd.
Maguire, H. (1997). Images of the court. In H. C. Evans & W. D. Wixom (Eds.), The glory of Byzantium, art and culture of the middle Byzantine era A.D. 843-1261 (pp. 183-192). New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Mecit, S. (2014). The Rum Seljuqs: evolution of a dynasty. London: Routledge.
Melikoff, I. (1960). La geste de Melik Dānişmend: étude critique du Dānişmendnāme (Vols. 1-2). (Melikoff, I. Ed. and trans.). Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve.
Metcalf, D. M. (1961). Provincial issues among the Byzantine bronze coinage of the eleventh century. Hamburger Beiträge zur Numismatik, 15, 25-32.
Metcalf, D. M. (1965). Coinage in the Balkans 820-1355. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies.
Metcalf, D. M. (1970). Interpretation of the Byzantine 'Rex Regnantium' folles of class 'A' c. 970-1030. The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-), Seventh Series, 10, 199-219.
Metcalf, D. M. (2006). Six unresolved problems in the monetary history of Antioch, 929-1268. In K. Ciggaar and D. M. Metcalf (Eds.), East and West in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean I: Antioch from the Byzantine reconquest until the end of the Crusader principality. Acta of the congress held at Hernen Castle in May 2003 (pp. 283-318). Leuven: Peeters.
Métivier, S. & Prigent, V. (2010). La circulation monétaire dans la Cappadoce byzantine d’après les collections des musées de Kayseri et de Niğde. Travaux et Mémoires 16. 577-618. Hal id: halshs-00666332
Michael the Great (1905). Chronique de Michel le Syrien (Vol. 3). (J. -B. Chabot, Trans.). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Morrisson, C. (2003). The emperor, the saint, and the city: coinage and money in Thessalonike from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 57, 173-203. doi:10.2307/1291880
Morrison, C. & Schaaf, G.-D. (2015). Byzance et sa monnaie (IVe – XVe siècle). Précis de numismatique byzantine, suivi du catalogue de la collection Lampart à l'Université de Fribourg, 15. Paris: Réalités Byzantines.
Mousheghian, K., Mousheghian, A., Bresc, C., Depeyrot, G. & Gurnet, F. (2000). History and coin finds in Armenia, coins from Ani, capital of Armenia (4th c. BC - 19th c. AD). Wetteren: Moneta.
Nesbitt, J., Oikonomides, N. & McGeer, E. (1994-2005). Catalogue of Byzantine seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Vols. 2-5 (J. Nesbitt and N. Oikonomides, Vol. 2, 1994; Vol. 3, 1996), (J. Nesbitt, E. McGeer, N. Oikonomides, Vol. 4, 2001; Vol. 5, 2005), Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
Nesbitt, J., Wassiliou, A.-K. & Seibt, W. (2009). Highlights from the Robert Hecht, Jr., collection of Byzantine seals, Thessaloniki: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki: Byzantine Research Center.
Oikonomides, N. (1986). A collection of dated Byzantine lead seals, Dumbarton Oaks: Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.
Papathanassiou, E. (2010-2015). Τhe Armenian presence in and around the Rhodope Mountain in 11th C. Rethinking over some new archaeological finds. Peri Thrakis (Περί Θράκης) A journal on Thracian Studies, Xanthi, Greece, 7, 59-97.
Parlar, G. (2001). Anadolu Selçuklu sikkelerinde yazı dışı figüratif öğeler. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yay.
Psellos, M. (1926). Michel Psellos chronographie ou histoire d'un siècle de Byzance (976-1077) (Vol. 1). E. Renauld (Ed. and trans.), Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
Rice, D. T. (1973). The leaved cross. Byzantine art and its influences (VII, pp. 72-81). London: Variorum.
Saminsky, A. (2006). Georgian and Greek illuminated manuscripts from Antioch. In K. Ciggaar & D. M. Metcalf (Eds.), East and West in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean I: Antioch from the Byzantine reconquest until the end of the Crusader Principality. Acta of the congress held at Hernen castle in May 2003 (pp. 17-78). Leuven: Peeters.
Saminsky, A. (2013). Assimilation and creation of Greek art in Antioch-on-the-Orontes in Syria during the second period of Byzantine domination (969–1084). In K. Ciggaar and V. V. Aalst (Eds.) East and West in the medieval eastern Mediterranean II Antioch from the Byzantine reconquest until the end of the Crusader Principality acta of the congress held at Hernen Castle (the Netherlands) in May 2006 (pp. 219-276). Leuven: Peeters.
Schlumberger, G. (1884). Sigillographie de l'empire byzantine. E. Leroux (Ed.). Paris: Librarie de la société de l’orient Latin.
Schulze, W. (2008). An anonymous copper coin re-attributed from Trebizond to Syria. The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-), 168, 321-330. Retrieved January 6, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42678770
Schulze, W. & Moesgard, J. C. (2005). A further hoard of tenth and eleventh century Byzantine folles with Arabic countermarks. The Numismatic Chronicle (1966-), 165, 339-347. Retrieved May 9, 2019, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42667295
Seibt, W. (1976). Die Skleroi. Eine prosopographisch-sigillographische Studie. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen, Akademie der Wissenchaften.
Tekin, O. (2009). An Eleventh century hoard of Byzantine folles from the Marmaray - metro salvage excavation at Yenikapı – İstanbul. Anatolia Antiqua, 17, 279-288. doi : https://doi.org/10.3406/anata.2009.1286
Tekin, O. (2014, Mart). Gre Amer höyüğü kazısından Armenia Kralı II. Artavazdes’in sikkesi. Toplumsal Tarih 243, 40-42.
Theophanes Continuatus (1838). Theophanes Continuatus Ioannes Camneiata, Symeon Magister, Georgius Monachus. I. Bekker (Ed.). Bonn: E. Weber.
Thierry, N. (1971). B: The rock churches. L. Giovannini (Ed.), Arts of Cappadocia (pp. 129-171). Geneva: Nagel Publishing.
Thompson, M. (1954). Coins from the Roman through the Venetian period. The Athenian Agora, 2, iii-x+1-122. doi:10.2307/3601953
Tobias, N. (1969). Basil I (867-886), the founder of the Macedonian dynasty: a study of the political and military history of the Byzantine Empire in the ninth century. Unpublished PhD dissertation, New Jersey: New Brunswick, Rutgers University.
Ünal, C. (October 2010). A group anonymous folles from Kuva-yi Milliye Museum, Balıkesir/Turkey, Sanat Tarihi Dergisi, XIX/2, 85-108.
Ünal, C. (2012). Manisa Müzesi Bizans sikkeleri. Manisa: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Yay.
Ünal, C. (2015). Bizans sikkelerinde kutsal kişi tasvirleri. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yay.
Uykur, R. (Yaz-Summer 2017). Zengi atabeglerinin sikkelerinde antik Türk mitolojisinin izleri: Kağanlık simgesi olarak ay kültü (Mardin Müzesi örnekleri). Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi/Journal of Turkish World Studies XVII/(1), 167-183.
Weitenberg, Jos J. S. (2006). The Armenian monasteries in the Black Mountain. K. Ciggaar & D. M. Metcalf (Eds.), East and West in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean I: Antioch From the Byzantine reconquest until the end of the Crusader Principality. Acta of the congress held at Hernen Castle in May 2003 (pp. 79-93). Leuven: Peeters.
- ISSN: 1015-2105
- Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
- Başlangıç: 1986
- Yayıncı: Selçuk Üniversitesi